Zoo li lwm yam kev kawm txuj ci, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias lawv muaj feem xyuam nrog tib neeg hom, thiab feem ntau yog los ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm, thiab kev ua tsov ua rog yog lub hauv paus ntawm thiaj li hu ua scientific mystifications. Tab sis dab tsi yog tsov rog?? Npaj tua cov tswv cuab ntawm tib hom. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim??
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, uas aroused qhov loj tshaj kev txaus siab, nws yog vim li cas tib neeg hom tsis muaj tshwj xeeb mechanisms kom tsis txhob tua congeners. Hauv lwm hom, thaum lub confrontations, cov tib neeg tsis siv lawv cov riam phom tuag nrog lawv tus kheej congeners. Duab ntawm scorpions, cov crabs, txawm ntaus stags, tsis txhob raug stung, tuag slash los yog stab, paub zoo heev thiab kho raws li cov piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev zam ntawm kev siv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso riam phom uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm tus kheej hom..
Raws li tau teb rau lo lus nug no, hais ntau zaus, muaj ntau yam ua tau, nthuav tawm hauv cov chav kawm ethology. Thawj yog qhov deb ntawm riam phom muab, tshwj xeeb yog hluav taws. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua ua rau lawv tsis pom cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm tus neeg sib tw tsis muaj zog, uas ib txwm yuav xaus kev sib ntaus hauv lwm hom. Phom phom tau, nyob rau hauv lawv lub sij hawm heev thuam rau lawv muaj peev xwm tua nyob rau hauv loj. Yog tias tsuas yog cov neeg thuam tuaj yeem pom qhov nws tau los txog tam sim no, thaum remotely tswj tsheb, txawm autonomous, sunt trimise să ucidă… Se consideră și acum, tias cov neeg raug tsim txom yuav ntau dua, yog tias tus txiv neej tsis koom nrog qhov kev txiav txim tua. Lub tsheb muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua li psychopaths, los ntawm cov tub rog kws tshaj lij raug xaiv. Yog tias peb xav txog kev koom tes ntawm cov tshuab ua tsov rog, tsuas yog hauv kev tsov rog ntiaj teb kawg nkaus xwb (Kuv vam tias lawv yog cov kawg kawg), peb muaj daim duab ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov combatants ua tau. Tsheb qhia tsis tau tsuas yog lub cev nyob deb, tab sis kuj yog ib lub hlwb. Cov neeg hlau, txawm tias ntau npaum li rudimentary tshaj nyob rau hauv science ntawv tseeb films, lawv tau ua pov thawj qhov tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem ua tau li cas thaum lawv coj ... ua tsov rog.
Txawm li cas los, tib neeg tua ib leeg ua ntej, txawm tias, hais rau ib tug neeg sau xov xwm Asmeskas, Joseph Sobran, „bucată cu bucată”. Tab sis cia peb nco ntsoov: nyob rau lwm qib. Txawm li cas los, Vim li cas? Un alt motiv important vehiculat ar fi ce se cheamă „pseudospeciație”, uas yog, kev lwj ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm tib neeg. Yog tias feem ntau yog neeg txawv teb chaws, yeeb ncuab, nws tsis zoo li txawv heev (ntau npaum li cas kev ntxub ntxaug simplifies yam!), kab lis kev cai ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Cov Celts yog tsiaj txhu, lawv tsuas pw hauv pem teb xwb, raws li ib tug thawj coj Roman qhia nws cov tub rog. Yog li ntawd lawv thiaj raug tua tsis muaj kev hlub tshua. Feem ntau, tus yeeb ncuab yog tsiaj vim yog kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg lossis kev coj ua, rituals lwm. Taboos feem ntau yog invoked nyob rau hauv no hais txog. Thiab qhov kev sib deev zoo kawg li cas tau raug ntaus nqi rau cov neeg Yudais lossis cov neeg dub! Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov nthuav, thiab lawv tau ua ib yam nrog cov ntseeg/dawb thiab lwm yam. Nws yuav nthuav heev kom paub tias yog vim li cas cov poj niam dawb muaj dev loj nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm Africans.
Lwm qhov laj thawj uas tib neeg tua lwm tus neeg yog… indoctrination. Kuv txhais tau tias tus thawj coj lossis tus thawj coj (sab ntsuj plig?) ntxias cov tub rog tias lawv yuav tsum tua cov yeeb ncuab. Thiab cov neeg, tsis zoo li lwm hom, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau indoctrinated yooj yim heev. Qhov kev sim qhia li cas, cov menyuam yaus muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua li chimpanzees. Thaum lawv kawm qhib ib lub thawv hauv ob peb kauj ruam, qee yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, cov me nyuam ua raws li kev cai dab qhuas, suav nrog cov kauj ruam uas tsis tsim nyog, thaum cov chimpanzees tshem tawm lawv yam tsis muaj teeb meem.
Tib neeg tau yooj yim indoctrinated, nws ntseeg, precisely vim neotenye, uas yog, kev saib xyuas ntawm ib co yam ntxwv ntawm lub embryo los yog ib tug me nyuam nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus. Txiv neej yuav kawm tau ntev vim qhov no neoteny. Qaib yog txais tos, lawv kawm, cov neeg laus tsis tshua muaj peev xwm. Neotenye yuav ua rau tib neeg tso siab rau, kuv xa, uas yuav pab tau lawv kawm, tab sis kuj yuav yooj yim rau indoctrinate.
Ceva ce se discută puțin este că oamenii ucid… pentru bani. Cov neeg feem coob uas tam sim no koom nrog kev ua tsov ua rog yog ua kom tau nyiaj. Thiab cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab, tsov rog coj nyiaj. Tam sim no feem ntau cov tub rog yog tsim los ntawm mercenaries, cov tub rog them nyiaj, txiv neej thiab poj niam. Leej twg ua li no tam sim no?? Yog koj saib US tub rog, tab sis tsis yog xwb, nws paub. Hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Lake Victoria, ib lub zos txom nyem heev pom tsuas yog ib qho kev daws kom dim ntawm kev txom nyem: ib tsov rog. Vim kev ua tsov ua rog raug them txawm nyob ntawd. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias nws yuav yooj yim npaum li cas los xaus kev tsov kev rog. Thiab yuav ua li cas nyuaj, yog peb xav txog kev sib raug zoo nyiaj txiag.
Înainte „meseria armelor” era ceva ce îmbrățișau oamenii săraci, los ntawm cov chaw txom nyem, roob, xws li Albania ob peb centuries dhau los, Croatia, tab sis kuj Greece, suav nrog Ancient Athens. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua txaus ntshai ntawm Marathon thiab Salamis, tej zaum cov tub rog Persian tau swb lawm, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv ntev. Athenian kev ywj pheej kuj ploj mus nyob rau hauv uas ntau Athenians los ua mercenaries rau cov….Persians. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev tuav lub neej, txawm yog ib lub koom haum zoo tagnrho hauv lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv kev txom nyem.
Tib neeg tua kom tau nyiaj. tshaib plab. Ntau txhiab xyoo tau ua qhov no thiab tseem ua nws. Nws yog nthuav tias nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm lub communist dictatorship („Lumea hitiților” de Margarate Riemschneider) Kuv pom nyob rau hauv lub preface disputing qhov tseeb no. Tsis yog, tsov rog tsis tau tawm tsam rau cov peev txheej, tab sis nws yog ib qho tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov chav kawm tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog qhov Marxism kwv yees, suav tias yog science (vim Marx thiab Engels xav nkag siab txog tib neeg raws li kev tshawb fawb, ua ntej txawm biologists). Hauv communism nws ua raws, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm Marxist txoj kev xav, cia tsis muaj tsov rog ntxiv lawm. Tej zaum tsuas yog nyob rau hauv communism, tab sis zoo li socialism tseem tsis tau npaj rau qhov no, pom Suav thiab Nyab Laj, Suav thiab Soviets. Tej zaum cov kev tswj hwm hauv cov xeev ntawd tau liam ...
Nws yog nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev los tua ib tug khub txiv neej? Thaj li ntawd. forensics, Ntawm no kuv hais tus kws kho mob hlwb Tudorel Butoi, lawv hais tias leej twg tua tau. Raws li tej yam kev mob, feem ntau hauv kev tiv thaiv tus kheej. Txawm tias thaum tsov rog, thaum ua tau, pom tau tias ntau tus zam tsis ua. Tab sis tsis muaj tseeb tsuas yog tib neeg tua ib leeg xwb. Lions ua nws, cov chimpanzees ua nws nyob rau hauv ib yam dab tsi uas zoo sib xws li cas tsov rog yog rau peb. Konrad Lorenz spune în cartea lui despre agresivitate „Așa-zisul rău” că de fapt oamenii ucid tocmai că sunt niște ființe atât de slab dotate pentru…a ucide. Lawv tsis muaj cov txheej txheem los txo cov teebmeem ntawm congeners precisely vim hais tias lawv tsis muaj redoubtable riam phom. Ib tug evolutionary plam-up ua rau peb criminals, tiag vim peb yog cov liab tawv tawv.
Tias peb cov kwv tij, cov chimpanzees, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm ua tau li ntawd thiab, nws yuav tsis yog ib qho surprise. Tab sis ib tug yuav hais tias tsov ntxhuav tsis muaj riam phom tuag? Kuv hypothesis, expusă în „Civilizația foametei” este că motivul este ceea ce popular se numește putere de concentrare, uas yog, ib tug nqaim ntawm lub teb ntawm kev nco qab. Nws zoo li thaum koj tsis pom dab tsi nyob ib puag ncig koj, tsuas yog yam uas koj nyiam.
Hauv txiv neej, zoo li lwm yam tsiaj, muaj tej yam ntuj tso inhibitions tiv thaiv ua mob congeners, uas manifests nws tus kheej tsis tsuas yog los ntawm perceiving signals ntawm xa, tab sis kuj ntawm qhov xwm txheej loj uas tus neeg pom nws tus kheej (raug mob). Tib neeg muaj ib qho innate inhibition los daws qee yam tshuab, uas yog kov yeej los ntawm kev cob qhia. Martial arts practitioners paub qhov teeb meem tag nrho thiab. Tib neeg kawm tsis quav ntsej cov stimuli no. Rau qee qhov nws yooj yim dua, qee qhov tuaj yeem yooj yim tsis quav ntsej txog ib puag ncig stimuli, txawm tias lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev xav. Random, psychopaths yog cov neeg no. Narrowing thaj tsam ntawm kev nco qab yog yooj yim dua rau lawv. Tsis yog los ntawm lub caij nyoog, psychopaths feem ntau yog mercenaries, neeg soj xyuas (tab sis kuj yog CEOs lossis kws phais) vim li no, pe lângă alte „calități” ale lor, xws li kev pheej hmoo qab los noj mov. Tab sis nws zoo nkaus li tias tsis tsuas yog psychopaths muaj qhov zoo. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg uas ua raws cov hom phiaj ntev?
Lions yog cov tsiaj uas taug kev los ntawm hluav taws hauv lub circus. Rau tsiaj, tsis quav ntsej qhov ntshai ntawm hluav taws, kawm kom tsis quav ntsej qhov ntshai no, yog kev ua yeeb yam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tsov ntxhuav yog cov tsiaj uas yuav tsum yos hav zoov, kom txaus ntshai, thiab leej twg feem ntau ntsib kev tshaib kev nqhis. Muaj peev xwm tsom mus rau qee yam stimuli, tsis quav ntsej lwm tus, yuav sawv cev kom zoo dua hauv lawv ib puag ncig.
Raws li cov xwm txheej no, yuav muaj peev xwm tua tib neeg tus nqi uas lawv yuav them rau lwm yam zoo?
Vim li cas thiaj muaj kev ua phem rau tsiaj? Raws li qee qhov kev xav paub zoo (Lorenz), nws lub luag haujlwm yuav yog los tswj cov pej xeem ceev. Tsiaj txhu tawg mus rau hauv ib puag ncig vim yog los yog kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem. Tab sis thaum kawg kev kub ntxhov yog nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua phem. Cov peev txheej ntawd yog zaub mov lossis kev nkag mus rau cov neeg sib deev, nws yog hais txog cov peev txheej. Tab sis raws li kuv hais, tsiaj muaj txoj cai los tswj cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no, yooj yim los yog ntau dua, nyob ntawm hom. Muaj cov rituals tshwj xeeb uas txo cov kev ua phem intraspecific (uas yog, aggression qhia). Kev nruj kev tsiv yog kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo, ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev tswj hwm kev sib cuam tshuam. Qee hom tswj kom maj mam nyob hauv tsev, txawm hais tias cov hom no yog cov neeg yos hav zoov ua tiav heev (qee canids). Hmoov tsis zoo, cov primates loj tsis nyob ntawm lawv.
Chimpanzees tua ib leeg ib yam li peb yuav hu ua tsov rog, khaws cov proportions. Thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov txiv neej hauv pab pawg, thaum grooming zoo li tsis txaus, atunci masculii pornesc într-un fel de expediții în afara grupului, uas ua rau muaj kev tua ntawm qee tus txiv neej sab nraum pawg. Kev nruj nruj heev, zoo ib yam li qhov tshwm sim hauv lynching scenes. Hauv qhov no, kev nruj kev tsiv pab rau de-tension cov txiv neej pawg, los txhawb kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv, tswj lossis hloov kho hierarchies.
Peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lub luag haujlwm no kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv tib neeg? Thiab, Muaj pov thawj qhia tias nws ua li cas. Qee pawg ntawm cov txiv neej coj tus cwj pwm zoo ib yam li chimpanzees. Nws tsis yog cov neeg laib hauv zej zog uas coj zoo li pab pawg ntawm chimpanzees, tab sis kuj muaj qee cov thawj coj nom tswv siv kev ua tsov rog los tswj hierarchies ntawm lawv tus kheej. Cartea „Capcana lui Tucidide” de Graham Allison pare extrem de transparentă în acest sens. Nws hais txog Russia thiab Tuam Tshoj zoo li cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig cov neeg laib lossis pab pawg ntawm chimpanzees uas yuav tsum tau daws lawv cov hierarchy nrog ib leeg los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm qhia tias lub teb chaws beta, hais lus ethological, tua lub teb chaws alpha, tsim kom muaj ib tug tshiab hierarchy. Zoo li lawv yog pob dev...
Qhov no yog kev vam meej, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob uas muaj cov neeg yos hav zoov-suav sau ua ke sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv ... khoom plig? Eibl-Eibesfeldt în „Agresivitatea umană” vorbește de astfel de societăți, Qee tus nyob hauv Papua New Guinea. Lawv tsa npua muab rau cov thawj coj sib tw. Kev txaj muag txaus ntshai kom tau txais npua ntau dua li koj tuaj yeem muab tau!
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, uas yog Konrad Lorenz tus menyuam kawm ntawv, nws hais tias txhua lub zej zog nws kawm txog kev ua tsov ua rog. Tab sis muaj cov koom haum nrog ib tug tub rog zoo tagnrho (zoo li peb) thiab cov koom haum nrog lub hom phiaj pacific. Cov neeg uas muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws pacific muaj cov txheej txheem nyuaj los tswj kev nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog uas ua tsov rog dhau los ua tsis tau zoo.. Ntawm cov zej zog uas muaj lub tswv yim pacific yog Inuit. Ib qho laj thawj rau tus cwj pwm pacifist heev yog qhov tseeb tias lawv yuav yog heterogeneous, yuav tshwm sim los ntawm lub union ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Tab sis hauv Eibesfeldt phau ntawv, tab sis tsis nyob hauv lwm tus, nu am văzut o comparație între societățile matriliniare și cele patriliniare, raws li ib tug tub rog zoo tagnrho. Inuit, tsawg kawg yog qee lub zej zog, lawv yog matrilineal. Qhov ntawd yog, cov poj niam tau txais qib thiab kev nplua nuj. Nyob rau hauv matrilineal societies, txawm tus thawj yog poj niam, qhov teeb meem ntawm tsov rog kuj yog txiv neej. Kabyles yog matrilineal, tab sis zoo li tsov rog heev, Raws li Leo Frobenius (African kab lis kev cai). Tab sis nyob rau hauv dav dav, tej zaum matrilineal kab lis kev cai, txawm lawv kuj paub tsov rog thiab, tej zaum lawv tau nyob kaj siab lug. Thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, lawv tej zaum tsis muaj kev vam meej hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Qhov no yuav yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas lawv tau dhau los ua tsawg heev. Feem ntau, zoo li yog Cretan kev vam meej, tau kov yeej los ntawm ntau haiv neeg yawg koob yawg koob, tab sis ntau warlike.
Muaj kev cia siab rau peb, raws li primates, kom zam kev tsov rog yav tom ntej? Yog tias bonobos tswj kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ua tsaug rau poj niam kev sib koom siab uas tiv thaiv kev ua phem, Nws tuaj yeem yog kev cia siab rau peb ib yam nkaus. Ntau lub koom haum yos hav zoov-suav sau ua ke yuav rov ua pov thawj tias cov zej zog tuaj yeem ua siab mos. Lawv ntau yam, nrog rau cov kev daws teeb meem uas lawv tau coj nrog rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, qhia tau hais tias tib neeg lub neej tuaj yeem hloov mus rau ntau txoj hauv kev.
Nyob rau hauv centuries tsis ntev los no, western societies tau dhau los ua kev nruj nruj. Sib nrug ntawm kev txo kev txom nyem, ntawm kev tsis sib xws, nce qib ntawm kev kawm, tej zaum kuj nce lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov poj niam hauv zej zog, suav nrog kev koom tes hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv lub neej, lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm. Poj niam ua tsov rog zoo heev, thaum xav tau (zoo li puas tau?), raws li keeb kwm qhia. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tias lawv, txawm lawv tsis ua tsov rog ntxiv lawm, lawv muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua hauv cov cheeb tsam accumulating. Elizabeth kuv thiab Catherine lub Great yog cov piv txwv meej. Tab sis cov poj huab tais ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv patriarchal systems, uas yog, cov cai tau tsim los ntawm cov txiv neej.
Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv zej zog tuaj yeem txo los ntawm kev txo cov txiv neej kev coj noj coj ua (tsim los ntawm gangs, nrog hierarchies zoo ib yam li cov chimpanzees). Tab sis, raws li keeb kwm qhia, txo kev ua phem hauv zej zog tsis tas yuav ua rau zam kev tsov rog. Tsis ntev los no keeb kwm, tsis yog nyob teb chaws Europe xwb, qhia qhov opposite. Nyiv yog ib haiv neeg nyob kaj siab lug. Thiab dab tsi yog ib tug tub rog uas nws tau los ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th! Tab sis yog hais tias muaj ib tug warrior caste, qhov twg tib txoj cai thiab hierarchies siv, tej yam yuav tsis hloov. Tej zaum qhov tseeb kev koom tes ntawm cov poj niam hauv kev nom kev tswv, txwv tsis pub tsim kev sib cuam tshuam theem siab thiab hierarchies, yuav hloov tej yam.
