Utopia etymologically amatanthauza chinthu chomwe palibe paliponse. Koma zikuwoneka ngati momwe zilili, makamaka. Zedi, ntchito iliyonse yopeka imakamba za nthawi ndi malo omwe idawonekera. Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti sichichoka kutali ndi malo ndi nthawi. Utopia "weniweni" ingakhale yomwe imakupangitsani kuti mukhale chizungulire, sindikumvetsa kalikonse komwe kaliko. Tsopano, pamene luso lonse liyenera kudabwitsa, Nkhani zongopeka zaku Hollywood, akhalenso asayansi, ndiwo ambiri. Zomwe zimadabwitsa ndi bajeti. Nkhaniyi ndi ya kindergarten, ndi uthenga, 4 kalasi kwambiri. Kuti tsopano tikukumana ndi chilala chachikulu cha malingaliro komanso kulimba mtima kuti tigwiritse ntchito mwanzeru ndikudziwika kale..
Koma poyamba zinali zosiyana? Masomphenya a anthu poyamba anali odabwitsa?
Kuti tiyankhe mafunso awa, choyamba tiyenera kuyankha zomwe anthu akufuna kuchokera ku utopia. Popeza ndi kusonkhana kwawo pamodzi mwaunyinji, kuyambira ndi kutuluka kwa magulu amphamvu kwambiri, koma makamaka za ukapolo, anthu anazindikira kuti simungakhaledi wosangalala m’chitaganya chotere, ndipo adayamba kulota zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa. Iwo anali anthu okondwa kale? Zovuta kunena, chifukwa sitidziwa kwenikweni mmene dziko linalili, momwe iwo adakhazikitsira dongosolo tsopano 10000 chaka chimodzi. Tsopano 10000 chaka chimodzi, ulimi utatha, tili ndi zowunikira. Mabungwe omwe si aulimi (ngakhale pali ma nuances apa), anthu otchedwa chikhalidwe societies, a osaka-osaka (kwenikweni chosiyanacho chikanakhala cholondola kwambiri, kuti gawo lalikulu kwambiri la chakudya limaperekedwa ndi kutola- cam 90%, koma chifukwa akazi ndi osonkhanitsa...) iwo anali osiyana, ndipo zikadawoneka pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ndi zaulimi, pambuyo pa glaciation yomaliza. Zomwe tikudziwa ndizakuti matenda amisala salembedwa m'magulu awa, monga schizophrenia (v. Chitukuko cha njala / njira ina yopangira anthu). Pali chomwe timachitcha kukhumudwa kumeneko?
Ngakhale m'magulu a agrarian a ku Africa pali mitundu yonse yochokera kwa ife, mwina nthawizina momveka bwino, kuchokera ku kaduka ndi ziwembu, zoipa, pamene afika Kumadzulo chiŵerengero cha matenda a maganizo chimawonjezeka kwambiri, kangapo, makamaka m'badwo wachiwiri wa anthu othawa kwawo. Zindikirani kwa iwo omwe amapitiliza kukamba za kusintha kwakukulu pamene akufotokoza za "zigawenga" zomwe zimachitidwa ndi achinyamata omwe ali m'gululi.. Katswiri wina wa zamaganizo wochokera ku Great Britain anapititsa patsogolo mfundoyi, zoperekedwa ku msonkhano wa psychiatry ku Vienna, 2010, kuti zomangira banja, mtundu wa maubwenzi akumidzi m'madera akumidzi, zomwe zimabweretsa chitetezo. Kumeneko kuli mabanja okulirapo, AIDS isanayambe kunalibe ana amasiye, palibe amene anasiyidwadi, ngakhale ukanakhala umphawi. Ngati sitinadziwenso zizolowezi zawo (wa anthu akuda aku Africa, koma osati kokha, komanso anthu aku Middle East, adadzudzulidwa ndi Ayaan Hirsi Ali) kutumiza ndalama kunyumba, kuthandiza mabanja awo, mwina zingakhale zovuta kwa ife kuti timvetse. Iwo amaganiza kuti ndi nkhanza kwa ife kusachita zimenezo. Zikuwoneka kwa ife chinachake chotsutsana ndi kupita patsogolo, tribalism etc. Chiphuphu chodabwitsa ku Africa chikugwirizana ndi miyambo imeneyi. Momwe mungamupezere msuweni wanga kuti abwere ku sitolo ndikumulipira? Ndisamuthandize bwanji ali pamavuto? Ngati chikhalidwe udindo (NTCHITO) zimandilola?
Sitikudziwa momwe amamvera, chifukwa sitinaleredwe monga iwo, koma ngati tiyang'ana pa matenda a maganizo, zikuwoneka bwino. Zikuoneka kuti zizindikiro zina zimasonyeza bwino. Ndipo chifukwa amamva bwino, khalani bwino. Zingakhale bwanji mutapeza kuti nkhani yowopsya yaMfumu ya ntchentche zikanadzachitika ndi mgwirizano weniweni, mgwirizano ndi dongosolo labwino, malamulo amalemekezedwa, pa nkhani ya ana ochokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe? Ndipo komabe izi ndi zomwe zinachitika zaka makumi angapo zapitazo pa nkhani ya achinyamata ena ochokera ku New Guinea ngalawa yomwe inasweka pachilumba chachipululu.. Ana osweka chombo anadutsa m’mikhalidwe yovuta, kusowa kwa chakudya, mpaka atapezeka. Ndipo, ndendende chifukwa sanali Chingerezi, adapanga chithunzi chabwino. Zedi, ankadziwana. Ndipo anakhalabe mabwenzi. Ndani angapange kanema wazinthu ngati zimenezo?
Ngakhale ma data awa, komanso ena, zikusonyeza kuti kufanana, mgwirizano, kusowa kwa utsogoleri wokhwima, ndiwo magwero a chimwemwe. Anthu akhoza kuvomereza masoka achilengedwe, ngakhale Malthus akuti ndizodabwitsa momwe anthu amachira msanga pakagwa masoka, zomwe sizingafanane ndi nkhondo. Anthu akhoza kuvomereza kuipa kwa chilengedwe, koma osati a anzawo. Chifukwa pambali pa ululu, nkhanza za amuna zimabweretsa manyazi. Zikuwoneka kuti zosakaniza zomwe zili pamwambazi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana pakati pa mafuko ndi chikhalidwe. Maphunziro onse achimwemwe omwe amaika maiko a Nordic pamwamba amasonyeza chinthu chomwecho. Ndipo ngati mukuganiza za izo, kwenikweni kulibe malo okhala kumeneko! Momwe mungakhalire osangalala ku Arctic Circle?! Deta ikuwonetsa kuti chisangalalo chachikulu chomwe chidapezeka ku UK chinali 1976, pamene kuchuluka kwa kufanana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma kunalembedwa. Zopelekedwa zimasonyeza zimenezo panthaŵi ya Nkhondo Yadziko II, ngakhale panali umphawi ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, anthu ankamva bwino, adakhala nthawi yayitali ku UK. Ku Hungary, pambuyo pa kutha kwa chikominisi, momwemonso, umphawi wachepa, koma chiyembekezo cha moyo chachepa, malinga ndi zolemba zomwezo. Anthu amakonda kufanana kusiyana ndi ufulu wokha, lingalirani akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu monga Serge Moscovici. Kafukufuku wochuluka wa akaidi akuwonetsa momwe anthu amadana ndi kulakwiridwa ndi munthu, osati ndi galimoto. Mwina iwo amene amanong'oneza bondo chikominisi, kunyalanyaza ulamuliro wankhanza ndi umphawi, ndimamvadi izi? Koma maulamuliro opondereza a Leninist anali ochititsa manyazi kwambiri. Koma zikuoneka kuti ena aiwala.
Kwenikweni, ngati titenga utopias opambana kwambiri, ndiko kuti, Chikhristu ndi wachibale wamng'ono, Chisilamu, Ine ndikuyankhula za izo. Mu Chikhristu mulibenso kusiyana pakati pa anthu, cha chuma, kulira, kugonana. Mu Islam, umma umapangidwa, gulu lachisilamu lomwe liyenera kukhala padziko lonse lapansi (ndidaziwonapo kuti ngati izi kale??) kumene kulibe akapolo, kumene atsogoleri ali achipembedzo, koma amakhala modzichepetsa kwambiri ndipo amachita zinthu mofanana. Ndipo kwa mibadwo ingapo zinali choncho, mpaka…andale aluso adadziyika ngati ma califa ndi kulanda malamulo (v. Ansari mu "Altered Destiny"). Chikominisi, pambuyo pa malingaliro ambiri, kwenikweni ndi mtundu wina wa Chikristu. Nyumba za amonke ndi Aesene amaperekedwa monga zitsanzo za madera enieni achikomyunizimu. Kibbutzim nawonso awonjezedwa pano.
Kulephera kwa chikominisi ndi Chisilamu kwadziwika kale. Chifukwa chiyani?? Chikhalidwe chaumunthu, imamveka yankho lokhazikika. Zoyipa, kudzikonda kwa anthu, ichi chikuwoneka kuti ndicho chifukwa chofala kwambiri. Pazifukwa zomwezo, palibe chomwe chimagwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo capitalism. Isaiah Berlin în culegerea de eseuri sub numele „Adevăratul studiu al omenirii”, kutchula ndi kusanthula olemba ambiri aku Russia, amafika ponena kuti n’zosatheka kukhala ndi anthu abwino, kuti simudzadziwa ngakhale kupanga izo, ndipo ngati mukufuna. Ndipo sizikanagwira ntchito. Kuvutika padziko lapansi sikungatheke, adakhulupirira. Palibe chomveka pankhani yosintha dziko. Zedi, Zinalinso zovuta kulingalira za ubwino wa anthu ku Russia, dziko la kusalinganika kwakukulu, momwe mitundu isanu ndi itatu yaukapolo inali yovomerezeka pa nthawi ya Catherine ndi pambuyo pake. Monga momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chinali chosayerekezeka ku India wakale, ndi ma castes ndi zotengera zake zokhudzana ndi utsogoleri. Kodi Buddhism sungabadwire bwanji kumeneko?? Njira yokhayo imene anathetsera inali kungosiya, KUDZIPATULA, moyo mkati.
Russia yasonyeza kuvutika kumeneko (ndi ukapolo) ikhoza kutumizidwa kunja bwino. Ndipo mbiri yasonyeza kuti zozizwitsa zambiri zingatheke ngati mutachotsa umphawi ndikupereka kufanana. Sindingachitire mwina koma kupereka chitsanzo cha Greece, dziko 85% phiri, osauka kwambiri nkhondo isanayambe. Ndipo zitatha^Ndizodabwitsa bwanji kuti agogo athu ndi agogo a agogo angadabwe bwanji kukachezera Greece tsopano! Masiku ano anthu ndi osiyana ndi mmene analili kale, amachita mosiyana. Kodi wina angaganize kuba pang'ono ku Greece? Koma vuto la 2009 chitaganya cha Agiriki chooneka bwino, chiwerengero cha kudzipha chawonjezeka kwambiri. Mavuto ambiri a anthu amayamba chifukwa cha umphawi.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kusasangalala zomwe ma utopias am'mbuyomu adalankhula? Titha kupanga gulu la ma utopias molingana ndi zovuta zamagulu zomwe amaziwona kuti ndizomwe zimayambitsa zoyipa zapadziko lapansi, ndi amene, kamodzi kuchotsedwa, zikanabweretsa chimwemwe (wowolowa manja?). M’zolemba zakale, kuchokera kwa Plato mpaka ku Chipangano Chakale, kuipa kunali mwa munthu, munthu wobadwa naye wachiwerewere. Mu Atlantis, anthu anali ndi chikhalidwe chaumulungu kumlingo waukulu, chimene chinawapatsa makhalidwe abwino. Mu Chipangano Chakale munthu wagwa, koma chisangalalo chinalipo kale ulimi ndi chitukuko chisanachitike. Kumwamba kumaperekedwa ndi kuchuluka kwachilengedwe, kumene anthu sasowa kugwira ntchito. Ndipo pamene iwo ali ofanana. Fanizo la magulu a anthu osaka nyama? Mwina m'madera akum'mawa, chikhumbo ichi chilipo. Mwinamwake kuyanjana kwawo ndi magulu oterowo kunali kudakali m’chikumbukiro (poganiziranso maonekedwe a zolemba zakale). Madera akumaloko nawonso adasunga zinthu zambiri zamagulu akale, preclavagiste. Ukapolo wakale unali ku Ulaya. Palibenso ku utopias kudera lino la dziko lapansi.
RepublicPlato's imabweretsa mowopsa kwa anthu amtundu waku India. Pali gulu la ogwira ntchito, a asilikali, komanso gulu lolamulira, wosonkhezeredwa ndi nzeru. Olemekezeka okha ndi omwe angalamulire, koma enanso ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, kuchokera ku kulimba mtima ndi mphamvu, mwachikatikati. Aliyense amadziwa malo ake, zonse zimayenda bwino.
Thomas More akusintha, „Utopia” (yolembedwa mu 1515) amafanana ndi zitsanzo pafupi ndi ife, mwina ndichifukwa chake ndizowopsa. Anthu ake abwino amalamulidwa ndi mfumu, maudindo apamwamba a utsogoleri amakhala ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, koma...anthu ambiri sangachite nawo zisankho chifukwa amakangamira m’mabungwe a akatswiri. Tisaiwale, inali nthawi ya magulu, amene ulamuliro wawo unali vuto la tsogolo la bourgeois-democratic revolutions. Mbali yabwino kwambiri ikubwera. Utopia ili ndi akapolo, amene amagwira ntchito zolimba. Amalembedwa m'gulu la anthu othawa kwawo omwe ali oyembekezera kuphedwa komanso akaidi. Poyeneradi, Utopian! Koma kwa ena, omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri. Palibe katundu wamba, palibe ndalama, kusiyana kwa anthu kuli kochepa. Society ndi yunifolomu, ndipo luso kulibe. The intuition of the leveling effect yomwe katundu wamba amatchingidwa, e remarcabilă. Dar măcar e libertate de religie…
O utopie cu efecte care pare și mai mult… kapena dystopia ndipo amasiya kwa iye Thomas Bell, „Cetatea Soarelui” (Mzinda wa dzuwa). Pali chikominisi changwiro, bwino ntchito, ndi zonse zofanana, kuchokera kuchipinda chogona kupita kuchipinda chodyera. Pafupi ndi katundu wamba ngati choyipa chachikulu, Campanella amabweretsanso banja la mkazi mmodzi. Pagulu ili lomwe likufanana ndi la Pol Pot, utsogoleri ndi wa asayansi-ansembe omwe amachita zonse molingana ndi malamulo a chilengedwe. Izi zikumveka ngati zodziwika bwino, ngati mukudziwa kuti socialism inali yasayansi!
Ndizosangalatsa kuti kupitirira katunduyo, bani, choipa china chinali kukhala ndi mkazi mmodzi. Ndipo achikominisi oyamba adawona izi, koma zikuwoneka kuti mbadwa, ndiko kuti, kufuna kulamulira akazi, anali wamphamvu. Stalin akuganiza kuti akazi ayenera kulowanso udindo wapamwamba wa amayi, pambuyo pa Alexandra Kollontai, mtsogoleri wachikazi wotsogolera ku Russia Revolution, anali atalankhula kwambiri za ufulu wa kugonana. Chimene otsutsa za mkazi mmodzi sanamvetse n’chakuti zinabweretsedwa ndi ulamuliro wa makolo.
Palibe amene ankaganiza kuti pa chiyambi cha kusagwirizana koonekeratu, za ziwawa pakati pa anthu, za magwero aakulu a kupanda chimwemwe, kuphatikizapo nsanje, ukanakhala…ubambo? Societățile matriliniare erau studiate, komabe, ngakhale pang'ono, kuphatikizapo Engels amalankhula za iwo mu “The Origin of the Family, za katundu waumwini ndi boma". Koma wolemba wodabwitsa, ndi kuganiza koyambirira, amene ankamvetsa biology, Charlotte Perkins, analemba utopia wotero. „Herland”. Sigur că acea societate e feministă, olamulidwa ndi akazi. Ndi dziko lopanda chiwawa, umbanda, za nkhondo, ulamuliro pa anthu ena. Akazi ndi anzeru komanso amakhalidwe abwino, palibe zizindikiro za kusiyana pakati pawo, osati ngakhale ponena za zovala. Zimaberekana mosagonana, ndipo sadziwa nkomwe za amuna. Kodi dzikoli linathawa bwanji choipa chimenechi?? Kudzera mwachiwawa, mungaganize, ngati mungatchule zolemba zakale za Enlightenment kapena Marx. Zedi, amuna sanasiye mphamvu okha, monga kuyembekezera. Mkwiyo wa chilengedwe, makamaka kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala chomwe chinapha amuna ambiri zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Opulumukawo anakhala akapolo, kenako anaphedwa.
Gulu ili likufanana ndi anthu omwe alipo kale? Zodabwitsa, kupereka. Madera otere aakazi onse akhalapo kwa zaka zambiri 60-70, zaka golide za feminism. Ambiri mwa mamembalawo anali akazi okhaokha, ndipo panopa ankatchedwanso separatist. Amayi omwewo, ambiri akali ndi moyo, ankakhulupirira kuti n’zosatheka kuti mkazi akhale wosangalala m’dera limene mulinso amuna, chifukwa chirichonse chimene iye akanachita, adzamchitira masuku pamutu ndi kumuchitira chipongwe. Akazi ameneŵa anakulitsa kulekana kotheratu ndi amuna. Iwo anafika polephera ngakhale kuchirikiza ufulu wochotsa mimba. Nanga mkazi amene amazemba amuna ankafunika kuchotsa mimba? Ngakhale maderawa asowa pazifukwa zachuma ndi ndale, malingaliro awa alipo ngakhale pano, makamaka ku Latin America, m'magulu achiwawa kwambiri a m'deralo. Kumeneko akazi amawona kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kupatukana ngati njira yokhayo yofunikira, ngakhale sizingatheke.
Mapeto ake angakhale kuti "utopia" yowona ingakhale yachikazi, dziko limenelo silikanakhala la makolo. Kodi tingakambirane bwanji za kufanana?, cha chilungamo, mu makolo? Pamene mabungwe onse apangidwa kuti azilamulira ndi kudyera masuku pamutu akazi? Tingakamba bwanji za cimwemwe m’dziko lino? Vuto ndiloti akazi sadziwa nkomwe kukhala mfulu. Majoritatea utopiilor pornesc de la ideea că răul e în afara omului, kuti ndalama, katundu, mkazi mmodzi, ndinamupweteka. Pali maganizo akuti anthu ena ndi oipa, ena, izi. chimenecho ndi chiyani? Ndi momwe zimawalekanitsira? Mwankhanza kwambiri komanso mopanda nzeru: mwa mtundu, kutanthauza kutsika. Ndipo kaganizidwe ka mwana kangakane kutengeka kotereku! Momwe mungakhulupirire zimenezo m'banja, osasiyapo pakati pa anthu, anthu abwino okha kapena anzeru kapena amakhalidwe abwino amabadwa, ndi wina, ndendende zosiyana? Kodi munganene bwanji kuti chiphunzitso cha Darwin chimalimbikitsa malingaliro oterowo?, pamene chiphunzitso cha Darwin chazikidwa pa kusinthasintha, i.e. ndendende pa kusiyana? Titha kunena kuti gulu lokhalokha, ndi castes, momwe anthu a ku Ulaya analili m'zaka za zana la 19, mwina kumeza chinachake chonga icho. Ndipo anthu amakhulupirira zomwe akufuna kuchokera ku lingaliro lililonse, kuchokera m'buku lililonse.
Chikomyunizimu chimanenedwa kuti chimagwira ntchito, koma sanagwiritsidwe bwino. Ena amadabwa chifukwa chake izi sizimanenedwanso za fascism. Pali utopia imodzi yomwe imalankhula za kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa fascism , imodzi kuchokera munkhani yachidule "Born on March" (Anabadwa pa 8 March) ndi Ioana Petra. Mu utopia kuti, wachikazi (zina bwanji?), amuna alipo, koma ali monga momwe akazi afunira, kotero kuti sangathenso kupanga utsogoleri wa abambo. Kusintha kwachilengedwe, motsogozedwa ndi ofufuza ena omenyera ufulu wachikazi, anachotsa zoipa m’gulu la anthu. Amuna amaoneka ndi kumachita monga momwe akazi amafunira (ena). M'gulu limenelo, momwe akazi amachitira ndikuwoneka mosiyanasiyana, monga zokonda zawo zakugonana, koma ndicho chifukwa chake ndi ofanana, pali mphamvu zambiri zothetsera mavuto enieni, kuphatikizapo matenda ndi ukalamba. Valerie Solanas akuwonetsa chidwi mu "Scum Manifesto" pamitengo yobisika yaubwana., momwe atsogoleri achimuna, pamlingo uliwonse, iwo kwenikweni amafuna kudodometsa, ndiye kuthetsa mavuto. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati akuthana nazo. Akazi samasowa zimenezo.
Concluzia legată de o utopie „adevărată” e că trebuie să fie una feministă, kulankhula za anthu ogwirizana, momwe kuzunzika ndi zifukwa zonse, makamaka umphawi, amachotsedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Ndi kuyanjana kwapakati pa anthu komwe kuli kofunikira, komanso khalidwe la anthu. Zogwirizana ndi zonsezi, Ndikuganiza kuti Epicurus anali wolondola. Chimwemwe chili ndi anthu omwe mumawakonda, amene ali ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi anzeru. Zikanakhala m’dera lake?
