Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zakumadzulo, chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi zomwe timatcha "Western science". Ndi chidziŵitso chimenecho chimene chinapangitsa Kusintha kwa Mafakitale kukhala kotheka. Koma pamaso pa Western sayansi, ndiye yofanana nayo, panali ndipo pali chidziwitso m'magulu onse a anthu. Kuwona zomwe zimachitika muzochitika zachilengedwe (ndi gulu) ndi chikhalidwe cha maganizo a munthu. Magulu onse a anthu ali ndi chikhalidwe chakuthupi (ndi zauzimu), în care se reflectă această cunoaștere. Ndipo chomwe chimatchedwa chikhalidwe, adică tezaurul cunoștințelor, kukhala maziko a zinthu zakale kapena njira zina zopezera chakudya, njira zodzitetezera ndi zina ziliponso mu nyama. Monga makolo, există și ceea ce s-ar numi proto-limbaj, ndiko kuti, kachitidwe ka mawu kapena zizindikiro za m’mbuyo zomwe zimapereka mauthenga. Ndipo monga mtundu uliwonse wa chikhalidwe, chidziwitsochi chimafalitsidwa ... mwachikhalidwe.
Kupeza njira yophera chiswe, zopangidwa ndi chimpanzi chachikazi (mosiyana ndi tsankho lomwe wamba, zomwe zidalowanso munyimbo za magulu mongaTaxi, akazi, makamaka achichepere, kaŵirikaŵiri amatulukira zinthu zina mwa anyani ambiri, osati anyani okha), imayikidwa ndi gulu lonse, amene amaphunzira luso, ndipo ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumakhalabe kotheka mwachilengedwe, ndiko kuti, gululo limakhala pamalo amenewo kapena lomwe lili ndi mikhalidwe yofanana, Ndimaperekanso kwa ana. Pali chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha macaque a ku Japan amene anaphunzira kutsuka mbatata asanadye, ndiye, kukhala tastier, kuwasambitsa m’nyanja.
Koma chimene chimapangitsa sayansi yotchedwa Western Science kukhala yapadera? Pakati pa olemba ena, Sandra Harding paNdi Science Multicultural? Postcolonialisms, Chikazi, ndi Epistemology, imapititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha sayansi. Kuchokera m'buku lake mumatuluka lingaliro lakuti kutsimikizika kwa sayansi yaku Western ndi komwe kungatanthauze umbombo wa chidziwitso, kupeza mitundu yonse ya chidziwitso, makamaka atsamunda. Malo osungiramo nyama ndi minda ya zomera anakhazikitsidwa kuti apeze ndi kudyera masuku pamutu mitundu yatsopano ya nyama ndi zomera. Modabwitsa wina angadabwe ngati pakufunikanso malo osungiramo nyama a anthu. Anthu a m'madera olamulidwa ndi atsamunda anatengedwa ndi mphamvu, kukana zinthu zina zanyengo, komanso… ndi chidziwitso chawo cha kulima nzimbe, Mwachitsanzo. kapolo, tsopano monga mu Antiquity, sizinali ntchito yamanja chabe, komanso munthu woyeneretsedwa kaamba ka ntchito imene anayenera kuichita. Nthawi zina wodziwa kwambiri…
Koma kudyeredwa masuku pamutu pa chidziwitso cha maderawo sikunali kokwanira. Chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito chinapezedwa. Ndipo ndi zinthu zingati zomwe zidapangidwa ndi zopezedwa kuchokera Kum'mawa ndi kupitirira! Kungotchula zachipatala zokha, ngati katemera, mankhwala opha tizilombo (!), tratamentul malariei… Multe lucruri banale, zomwe timaphunzira kusukulu kapena ku koleji, amachokera ku zikhalidwe zakutali. Ku India wakale kunali katswiri wa galamala wotchuka, Panini (între secolele VI și IV î.e.n.). anali kunena chiyani? Ndizosazolowereka kwa akatswiri azilankhulo monga kachitidwe ka decimal yokhala ndi zizindikilo zake, omwenso amachokera ku India, ngakhale kudzera mumtsinje wa Chisilamu, pamaso pa maulamuliro atsamunda a ku Ulaya.
Pamene izo zinafika ku sayansi, Anthu a ku Ulaya sanali atsankho m’pang’ono pomwe, “otsika” mitundu ndi zikhalidwe, zomwe zinafunikira chitsogozo chanzeru cha chikhalidwe chapamwamba, iwo anali akadali abwino mokwanira kuthetsa mavuto popanda njira yothetsera Kumadzulo. Sayansi yaku Western ikukulirakulira, mopanda tsankho ndipo zigonjetso zake zimachitika pamafakitale. Chifukwa chiyani?? Mwina chifukwa chakuti zambiri mwa izo zinali mkhalapakati wa anthu amene sanali akatswiri, koma kuyenda, amalonda, olamulira, akazembe, asilikali, anthu achidwi komanso achilimbikitso, wofunitsitsa chuma ndi kutchuka.
Kwa chitukuko cha sayansi panali zolimbikitsa, wachuma. Chidziwitso chinali kupanga ndalama kudzera mu mapulogalamu ake. Chidziwitso chinali ndi tanthauzo lakuthupi, osati wauzimu. M'malo mwake, iyi ikhoza kukhala gawo lake lofunika kwambiri. Știința a devenit occidentală după ce a suferit o mutație importantă: omasulidwa ku chipembedzo, zauzimu, ngakhale kuchokera kudziko la malingaliro a Plato. Buku loyamba la sayansi ya zamoyo zomwe limaonedwa kuti ndi lamakono limapereka malongosoledwe osakhala aumunthu a nyama, popanda maphunziro okhazikika amtundu wanthano a ntchito zakale. Nyama zinali ndi morphology ndi physiology, osati makhalidwe.
Sayansi yamakono imatengedwa kuti inayamba ndi Galileo. Tikhoza kunena kuti Tchalitchi chinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro ake osati chifukwa chakuti iwo amatsutsana ndi sayansi ya Tchalitchi, koma Galileo ndi asayansi ena anthaŵiyo anali kubwera ndi sayansi ya mtundu wina, kumasulidwa ndi chikhulupiriro, osati Chikhristu chokha, koma chikhulupiriro cha mtundu uliwonse.
Zinali zatsopano, osati ku Ulaya kokha. Ndege ya Galileo inali yongoyenda, wopanda tanthauzo lina lililonse. Palibe choposa malamulo amenewo! Ngati unyolo wa chiyero ukanaduka, ndipo pano sikungonena za malingaliro opapatiza a chipembedzo chachikhristu, chidziwitso chikhoza kuphulika, kupereka zosawerengeka zotheka, ngati masewera. Chidziwitso, ndendende chifukwa ndi ofunika, m'zikhalidwe zambiri, zimagwirizana ndi zauzimu, zomwe zimapereka mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe kupitirira zomwe timatcha malamulo achilengedwe. Ma Eskimos ali ndi ukadaulo wogwira ntchito bwino pomanga igloo, koma mizimu imagwira ntchito yofunikira pamalangizo omanga. Pachikhalidwe chomwe chidziwitso chimalumikizidwa ndi zopatulika, simungathe kuchita chokumana nacho chilichonse, sungathe kufufuza chirichonse, ngakhale palibe ulamuliro wa Mpingo ndi kufufuza kwake. Ngakhale sayansi yakhala ikugwirizana ndi filosofi, kugwirizana kwambiri ndi metaphysics kunachepetsanso. Tisaiwale kubisika kwa dodecahedron ngati mawonekedwe abwino, zomwe sizimayenera kukhalapo, malinga ndi Agiriki akale!
Zinali zochitika zosangalatsa kuti sayansi yamakono inayamba mwakhama ndi makaniko, zomwe zinapanga chitsanzo cha sayansi ina. Dziko lapansi linali njira yomwe iyenera kufotokozedwa. Kugwa kwa Tchalitchi kunathandiza. Mpingo, akachisi anali ndi mphamvu pa chidziwitso chofunikira, monga okhudzana ndi zakuthambo. Kuchokera kwa Ababulo, Anthu achi China, kwa Aaziteki, kuyenda kwa nyenyezi kumwamba kunali ntchito ya ansembe oyamba.
Koma m’zaka zaposachedwapa, kumasulidwa kwa sayansi yopatulika sikunali kofanana. Biology, olamulidwa ndi ansembe (kuphatikizapo Charles Darwin anali ndi maphunziro aumulungu), adadzimasula yekha ku chipembedzo movutikira kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti panali anthu ambiri osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, ndipo malingaliro a chisinthiko anawonekera zaka makumi ambiri buku la Darwin lisanachitike "On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, kapena Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Existence" (kuphatikizapo agogo ake, Erasmus Darwin, iye anavomereza chisinthiko), mantha okhudzana ndi kuukira komwe kungachitike kwa olimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe, chiphunzitso chovomerezeka pa nthawiyo, zidapangitsa Darwin kuchedwetsa kufalitsa bukulo. Zikuwoneka zachilendo kuti biology iyenera kukhalabe yotsogola ku zauzimu.
Tinganene kuti panali chidziwitso chochepa, kuti zinali zovuta kupeza paradigm. Koma panali mfundo zodziwika bwino zomveka bwino komanso zokopa mwachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ideea generației spontane, ngakhale fake, amanenedwa za kutuluka kwa moyo pansi pa zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Moyo umenewu umayenera kusinthika, komanso malinga ndi lingaliro lotchuka, zolembedwa ndi Lamarck. Ndipo komabe, Tsopano ndikudziwa bwino za biology, koma chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe sichinachoke, m'malo mwake. N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zikuchitika?? Anthu sakukondwera ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko mwa kusankha? Tikhoza kuvomereza, monga momwe zinachitikira kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, kuti ena amakana chisinthiko mwa kusankha, koma chisinthiko monga chotero ndi chinthu chimene anthu ophunzira ambiri anachivomereza panthaŵiyo. Ndipo tsopano zikuwoneka kuti ndizodabwitsa kusavomereza.
Dar cum „evoluează” știința în general? Thomas Kuhn mu "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" akuwonetsa momwe ma paradigms asayansi amasinthira. Kusonkhanitsa deta, zotsatira za zoyeserera ndi zowonera, kumabweretsa kupanga paradigm. Kuyesera kwatsopano kumapangidwa kutengera maulosi ake, zina zomwe zimasokoneza malingaliro akale. Kenako pamachitika vuto, ndipo patapita kanthawi, paradigm wina, amatha kufotokoza deta yatsopano, imalowetsamo yakale. Kuhn adakhazikitsa chitsanzo ichi potengera maphunziro akale amalingaliro ena asayansi.
Koma kodi izi zimachitika nthawi zonse?? Mbiri ya zopanga zikuwonetsa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kumadalira kupeza zinthu, i.e. wa capital. Injini ya James Watt inali ndi mpikisano wamphamvu kwambiri, koma zomwe sizinapindule ndi ndalama zofunikira. Kuyang'anitsitsa zimene asayansi atulukira, kubweretsa malingaliro ena, zimatifikitsa ku lingaliro lofananalo. Thandizo la anthu, osati zinthu zokha, ndizofunikira. Ganizirani zomwe zapezedwa paokha m'maiko osiyanasiyana kapena ndi ofufuza osiyanasiyana. Kodi tikanadziwa za Alfred Wallace lero?, amene anafika pawokha pa lingaliro la kusankha kwachilengedwe mu chisinthiko, Darwin akadapanda kukhala njonda? Malamulo a Mendel, tate wa chibadwa, amafalitsidwa kudzera m'malaibulale, kuphatikizapo Darwin, kwa zaka zambiri. Kupezanso kwawo pawokha, ndi ofufuza angapo, au dus la redescoperirea lui… Mendel.
Sayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Dziko lasayansi sizomwe likuwoneka kuchokera kunja, koma gulu la anthu. Ndipo malamulo a zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akuwoneka kuti akufotokoza kupambana kwa malingaliro ena, zotulukira, malingaliro etc. Ngakhale zenizeni zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe cha anthu sizimaganiziridwa kuti ndi sayansi m'lingaliro la njira zomwe Karl Popper adakhazikitsa.. Pamene choonadi sichidziwika, zosavuta kuti aliyense afufuze, zinthu zachuma zimenezo zimalowererapo, chikhalidwe komanso makamaka ndale.
Komabe, kupitirira ndale, sayansi ili ndi zovuta zina. Tingakhale otsimikiza kuti choonadi chidzapambana pamapeto pake? Tingakhale otsimikiza kuti malingaliro ena opulumutsa sadzaikidwa m'manda mpaka kalekale?
M’zigawo zotsatirazi tifotokoza mfundo za m’mbiri ya sayansi zimene zimawoneka kuti zikutsimikizira zosiyana.
