Utopia etymologically zvinoreva chinhu chisipo. Asi zvinoratidzika sezvazviri, zvikuru. Chokwadi, ripi zvaro bhuku rengano rinotaura nezvenguva nenzvimbo yarakaonekwa. Chinosuwisa ndechekuti hairasi kure kure nenzvimbo iyoyo nenguva. A "chaiyo" utopia ingangove imwe inokuitisa dzungu, havanzwisise chero chinhu chiripo. Zvino, apo hunyanzvi hwese hunofanirwa kuvhundutsa, Hollywood fantasy nyaya, vangavawo vesainzi, ndivo vakawanda. Chinokatyamadza bhajeti. Rondedzero iyi ndeyekireshi, uye meseji, 4th giredhi zvakanyanya. Kuti isu tave kusangana nekusanaya kukuru kwemazano uye ushingi hwekuisa mari mukusika hwatozivikanwa..
Asi zvakambosiyana? Kuona kwevanhu kwakamboshamisa?
Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, tinofanira kutanga tapindura izvo vanhu vanoda kubva kuutopia. Sezvo nekuungana kwavo pamwe chete muhuwandu, kubva pakubuda kwemahierarchies akaomarara, asi zvikuru youranda, vanhu vakazviona kuti haugoni kunyatsofara munzanga yakadai, uye vakatanga kurota pamusoro pezvaizoshandurwa. Ndivo vaive vanhu vakafara kare? Zvakaoma kutaura, nokuti hatinyatsozivi kuti nyika yakanga yakaita sei, kuti vainge varongeka sei zvino zvapera 10000 ane gore. Zvino 10000 ane gore, mushure mekuuya kwekurima, tine zvimwe zvingatibatsira. Masangano asiri ezvekurima (kunyangwe paine nuances pano futi), idzo dzinonzi nzanga dzechinyakare, yevavhimi-vakohwi (chokwadi zvakapesana zvaizonyanya kunaka, kuti chikamu chikuru kwazvo chezvokudya chinopihwa nekunhonga- cam 90%, asi nekuti vakadzi ndivo vaunganidzi...) vakanga vakasiyana-siyana, uye angadai akaonekwa panguva imwe chete neyekurima, mushure mekupedzisira glaciation. Chatinoziva ndechekuti chirwere chepfungwa hachinyorwa munzanga idzi, zvakadai se schizophrenia (v. Budiriro yenzara/imwe nzira yekuita humanization). Pane yatinoti depression ipapa?
Kunyangwe munharaunda dzeagrarian dzeAfrica kune marudzi ese kubva kwatiri, pamwe dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya kusimbiswa, kubva kune godo uye kunyengedza, uipi, apo vanouya kuMadokero mwero wechirwere chendangariro unowedzera zvikuru, nguva shoma, kunyanya muchizvarwa chechipiri chevakabva kune dzimwe nyika. Ziviso kune avo vanoramba vachitaura nezve radicalization kana vachitsanangura kurwiswa kwe "gandanga" nevechidiki vanowira muchikamu ichi.. Chiremba wepfungwa kubva kuGreat Britain akasimudzira pfungwa, yakaratidzwa pamusangano wezvepfungwa muVienna, 2010, izvo zvisungo zvemhuri, rudzi rwehukama hwekumaruwa munzvimbo dzekumba, chingava chinopa dziviriro. Kune mhuri dzakawedzerwa ikoko, AIDS isati yasvika pakanga pasina nherera, hapana akasara kumashure zvechokwadi, kunyange hwaiva urombo. Dai taisazivawo tsika dzavo (yevatema vemuAfrica, asi kwete chete, pamwe chete nevanhu vekuMiddle East, akashoropodzwa nekuda kweizvi naAyaan Hirsi Ali) kutumira mari kumba, kubatsira mhuri dzavo, pamwe zvingatiomera kunzwisisa. Vanofunga kuti hutsinye kwatiri kusaita izvozvo. Zvinoratidzika kwatiri chimwe chinhu chinopesana nebudiriro, tribalism etc. Huori hunoshamisa muAfrica hune chekuita netsika idzi. Ndoita sei kuti mwana wamai vangu auye kuchitoro kuti abhadhare? Ndoita sei kuti ndisamubatsire ari mudambudziko? Kana basa revanhu (SERVICE) inondibvumira?
Hatizivi kuti vanonzwa sei, nokuti hatina kurerwa saivo, asi kana tikatarisa zvirwere zvepfungwa, zvinoita sezviri nani. Zvinoita sekuti zvimwe zviratidzo zvinoratidza zviri nani. Uye nekuti vanonzwa zviri nani, zvibate zvakanaka. Ko kuzoziva kuti nyaya inotyisa yeiMambo wenhunzi zvaizoitika nekubatana chaiko, kubatana uye kuronga kwakanaka, mitemo inoremekedzwa, kana vari vana vanobva kumagariro echivanhu? Asi izvi ndizvo zvakaitika makumi mashoma emakore apfuura panyaya yevamwe vechidiki vekuNew Guinea vakaputsikirwa nechikepe pachitsuwa chegwenga.. Vana vakaputsikirwa nechikepe vakapfuura nomumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, kushomeka kwezvokudya, kusvikira vawanikwa. Uye, chaizvo nekuti vakanga vasiri Chirungu, vakaita chimiro chakanaka. Chokwadi, vaizivana. Uye vakaramba vari shamwari. Ndiani angaita firimu pamusoro pechinhu chakadaro?
Kunyangwe aya data, asiwo vamwe, inoratidza kuti kuenzana, kubatana, kushaikwa kwehutungamiri hwakasimba, ndiwo manyuko omufaro. Vanhu vanogona kugamuchira njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kunyangwe Malthus anoti zvinoshamisa kuti vanhu vanokurumidza sei kupora kubva munjodzi, iyo isingaenzaniswi nehondo. Vanhu vanogona kugamuchira uipi hwezvakasikwa, asi kwete vezera rako. Nokuti kunze kwemarwadzo, hasha dzavanhu dzinouyisa kunyadziswa. Zvinoita sekuti zvinhu zviri pamusoro zvine maitiro akafanana mumarudzi netsika. Zvidzidzo zvese zverufaro zvinoisa nyika dzeNordic pamusoro zvinokurudzira chinhu chimwe chete. Uye kana iwe uchifunga nezvazvo, hapana nzvimbo yokugara ikoko! Nzira yekufara sei muArctic Circle?! Iyo data inoratidza kuti mufaro mukuru wakawanikwa muUK waivamo 1976, apo huwandu hwehuwandu hwemagariro uye zvinhu zvakaenzana hwakanyorwa. Imwe documentary inoratidza izvozvo munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, kunyange zvazvo kwaiva nourombo nokushomeka kwezvokudya, vanhu vakanzwa zviri nani, vakagara kwenguva refu muUK. MuHungary, mushure mekupera kwecommunism, zvimwe chete, urombo hwaderera, asi tarisiro yeupenyu yadzikira, maererano negwaro rimwe chete. Vanhu vanosarudza kuenzana pane rusununguko pacharwo, funga nezvenyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu saSerge Moscovici. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemusungwa zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanovenga zvakadii kutadzirwa nemunhu, kwete nemota. Pamwe vaya vanodemba communism, tichifuratira udzvinyiriri nourombo, ndinonzwa izvi? Asi udzvanyiriri hweLeninist hwakatanga uye hwakanyanya kunyadzisa. Asi zvinoita sekuti vamwe vakanganwa.
Chaizvoizvo, kana tikatora utopias yakabudirira zvikuru, ndiko kuti, chiKristu uye hama duku, ChiIslram, Ndiri kutaura nezvazvo. MuChikristu hamuchina misiyano pakati pevanhu, yeupfumi, rang, sex. MuIslam, umma unoumbwa, nzanga yechiMuslim inofanira kunge iri pasi rose (ndakamboona kupi zvakadai??) uko kusina varanda, uko vatungamiriri vanonamata, asi vanorarama zvine mwero zvikuru uye vanozvibata zvakaenzana. Uye kwezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvakanga zvakadaro, kusvika… vezvematongerwo enyika vane tarenda vakazvimanikidza sema caliphs ndokubvuta mitemo (v. Ansari mu "Altered Destiny"). Communism, mushure mekufunga kwakawanda, chaizvoizvo chimwe chimiro chechiKristu. Dzimba dzemamongi nevaEssene dzinopfuudzwa semienzaniso yenzanga chaidzo dzechikomonisiti. Kibbutzim inowedzerwawo pano.
Kukundikana kwecommunism neIslam zvatozivikanwa. Chii chinokonzera? Hunhu hwevanhu, inonzwika mhinduro yakajairwa. Hunhu husina kunaka, udyire hwevanhu, ichi chinoita sechinonyanya kukonzera. Nezvikonzero zvakafanana, hapana chinoshanda, kusanganisira capitalism. Isaiah Berlin în culegerea de eseuri sub numele „Adevăratul studiu al omenirii”, kutaura uye kuongorora vanyori vakawanda vekuRussia, anosvika pamhedziso yokuti nzanga iri nani haibviri, kuti iwe haungatomboziva magadzirirwo ayo, uye kana muchida. Uye zvaisazoshanda zvakadaro. Kutambura kuri munyika hakugoni kubviswa, vakatenda. Hapana chine musoro kana zvasvika pakuchinja nyika. Chokwadi, zvakanga zvakaomawo kufungidzira kunaka kwevanhu muRussia, nyika yekusaenzana kwakanyanya, umo marudzi masere euranda aive pamutemo panguva yaCatherine uye mushure. Kungofanana nemagariro akanaka aive asingafungidzike muIndia yekare, ine castes uye zvimiro zvayo zvine chekuita nehutungamiriri. Ko sei Buddhism isingazvarirwe ikoko? Mhinduro yaingove yekukanda mapfumo pasi, KUISWA KWEMURWERE KWAKE EGA, hupenyu mukati.
Russia yaratidza kutambura ikoko (uye uranda) inogona kutumirwa kunze zvinobudirira. Uye nhoroondo yakaratidza kuti zvishamiso zvakawanda zvinogona kuitwa kana iwe ukabvisa urombo uye kupa kumwe kuenzana. Handigoni kuita asi kupa muenzaniso weGreece, nyika 85% gomo, varombo zvikuru hondo isati yatanga. Uye mushure... Kukatyamadzwa kwakadii nasekuru nasekuru nasekuru vangadai vakashanyira Girisi zvino! Vanhu vasiyana iye zvino nezvavakanga vakaita kare, vanozvibata zvakasiyana. Pane chero munhu angafungidzira kuba zvishoma muGreece? Asi dambudziko re 2009 nzanga yechiGiriki yakachinja zvinooneka, mwero wokuzviuraya wawedzera zvikuru. Matambudziko mazhinji emagariro anotanga kubva muhurombo.
Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekusafara izvo utopias yekare yakataura nezvazvo? Tinogona kuita kupatsanurwa kwemautopias maererano nezvinetso zvemagariro zvavaifunga kuti ndizvo zvakaita uipi huri munyika, uye izvo, kamwe yabviswa, zvingadai zvakatungamirira kumufarwa (ane rupo?). Muzvinyorwa zvekare, kubva kuna Plato kusvika kuTestamente Yekare, uipi hwakanga huri mumunhu, munhu ane hunhu hwaakazvarwa nahwo. MuAtlantis, varume vaive nehunhu hwehumwari kusvika pamwero mukuru, chii chaivapa hunhu. MuTestamente Yakare munhu awa, asi mufaro waivepo pamberi pekurima nebudiriro zvakadaro. Denga rinopihwa nekuwanda kwepanyama, uko vanhu vasingadi kushanda. Uye pavakaenzana. Dimikira kumasangano evavhimi echinyakare? Zvichida munharaunda dzekuMabvazuva, nostalgia iyi iripo. Zvichida kuonana kwavo nenzanga dzakadaro kwakanga kuchiri mundangariro (tichifungawo nezvekuonekwa kwezvinyorwa zvekare). Masangano emunharaunda pachawo akachengeta zvinhu zvakawanda zvevanhu vekare, preclavagiste. Uranda hwekare hwakanga huri muEurope. Iyo haisipo kubva kune utopias mune ino chikamu chenyika zvakare.
RepublicPlato's inounza zvine njodzi kune caste-based Indian nzanga. Kune boka rekushanda, yevarwi, asiwo boka rinotonga, anorarama nouchenjeri. Vatongi chete ndivo vanogona kutonga, asi vamwe vanofanirawo kuva nehunhu hwakanaka, kubva pakushinga uye nesimba, zvine mwero. Munhu wese anoziva nzvimbo yake, zvese zvinofamba mushe.
Thomas More anoshanduka, „Utopia” (yakanyorwa mukati 1515) ake akafanana nemienzaniso pedyo nesu, pamwe ndosaka zvichinyanya kutyisa. Nzanga yake yakanaka inotongwa namambo, zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro zvekutonga zvinobatwa nevakuru vakasarudzwa, asi...vanhu vazhinji havakwanisi kupinda musarudzo nekuti vakarambira mumasangano enyanzvi. Ngatisakanganwe, yakanga iri nguva yeungano, avo kutonga kwavo kwaive dambudziko kune ramangwana re bourgeois-democratic revolutions. Chikamu chakanaka chichiri kuuya. Utopia ine varanda, avo vanoshanda nesimba rose. Vanotorwa kubva pakati pevatorwa vakatongerwa rufu uye vasungwa. Chokwadi, Utopian! Asi kune vamwe, vanoshanda zvishoma. Hakuna pfuma yega, hapana mari, misiyano pakati pevanhu idiki. Sangano rakafanana, uye art haipo. Iyo intuition yemaitiro ekuyeresa iyo yakavanzika pfuma yakavharirwa, e remarcabilă. Dar măcar e libertate de religie…
O utopie cu efecte care pare și mai mult… kana dystopia uye inogumira kwaari Thomas Bell, „Cetatea Soarelui” (Guta rezuva). Kune communism yakachena, yakashandiswa zvakanaka, nezvinhu zvose zvakafanana, kubva muimba yekurara kuenda kuimba yekudyira. Pedyo nepfuma yega sehuipi hwekupedzisira, Campanella anounzawo mhuri ine murume mumwe chete. Munharaunda iyi yakafanana neyePol Pot, utungamiri ndehwesainzi-vapristi vanoita zvese zvinoenderana nemirairo yezvakasikwa. Izvi zvinonzwika sei, kana uchiziva kuti socialism yaive yesainzi!
Zvinonakidza kuti mhiri pfuma, bani, chimwe chakaipa chaiva chokuva nomudzimai mumwe. Uye macommunist ekutanga akaona izvi, asi zvinoita sekuti madzibaba, ndiko kuti, chido chokutonga vakadzi, yakanga yakasimba. Stalin anosarudza kuti vakadzi vanofanira kupinda zvakare basa rakanaka raamai, mushure meAlexandra Kollontai, mutungamiriri wevakadzi veRussia Revolution, akanga ataura zvakawanda pamusoro perusununguko rwevatano. Chisina kunzwisiswa nevashori vemukadzi mumwe chete ndechekuti zvakaunzwa nemadzibaba.
Hapana akambofunga kuti pakabva paita kusaenzana kwakajeka, zvemhirizhonga munharaunda, yemanyuko makuru okusafara, kusanganisira godo, zvingava ... madzibaba? Societățile matriliniare erau studiate, zvisinei, kunyange zvishoma, kusanganisira Engels anotaura nezvavo mu “Mavambo eMhuri, yezvivakwa zvemunhu uye yenyika". Asi munyori anoshamisa, nekufunga kwepakutanga, ainzwisisa biology, Charlotte Perkins, akanyora utopia yakadaro. „Herland”. Sigur că acea societate e feministă, inotongwa nevakadzi. Inzanga isina mhirizhonga, mhosva, zvehondo, wekutonga pamusoro pevamwe vanhu. Vakadzi vakangwara uye vane tsika, hapana zviratidzo zvekusiyana pakati pavo, kwete kana nezvehembe. Inobereka asexually, uye havatombozivi nezvevarume. Nyika yakapukunyuka sei uipi uhwu?? Kuburikidza nechisimba, ungafunga, kana waizotora zvinyorwa zveEnlightenment classics kana Marx. Chokwadi, varume havana kurasa simba voga, sezvaitarisirwa. Hasha dzezvisikwa, kunyanya kuputika kwegomo kwakauraya varume vazhinji mazana emakore apfuura. Vakapukunyuka vakava varanda, vakabva vapondwa.
Sosaiti iyi yakafanana neyagara iripo? Incredible, give. Nzanga dzakadaro dzevakadzi vose dzave dziripo kwemakore 60-70, makore endarama echikadzi. Vazhinji venhengo vaive ngochani, uye ikozvino yaitonzi separatist. Vakadzi vakasiyana, vazhinji vachiri vapenyu, vaidavira kuti hazvaigona kuti mukadzi afare munzanga mune varumewo, nokuti chero zvaaizoita, vachamubata zvisina kufanira uye vachamuitira zvakaipa. Vakadzi ava vakarima kuparadzana zvachose nevarume. Vakasvika pakusatombotsigira kodzero yekubvisa pamuviri. Ko mukadzi ainzvenga varume aida kubvisirei? Kunyangwe hazvo nharaunda idzi dzakatsakatika nekuda kwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, mafungiro aya aripo nazvino, kunyanya muLatin America, munharaunda dzine mhirizhonga zvikuru dzenzvimbo. Ikoko vakadzi vanoona chingochani nekuparadzana seyo chete sarudzo inodiwa, kunyangwe zvisingaite.
Mhedziso ingave yekuti "yechokwadi" utopia ingave yevakadzi, nyika iyoyo yaisazova yemadzibaba. Tingataura sei nezvekuenzana?, yekururamisira, muubaba? Kana masangano ese akagadzirwa kuti atonge nekubata vakadzi? Tingataura sei nezvemufaro munyika ino? Dambudziko nderekuti vakadzi havatomboziva kuti kusununguka kwakadii. Majoritatea utopiilor pornesc de la ideea că răul e în afara omului, kuti mari, pfuma, murume mumwe chete, ndakamukuvadza. Pane imwe pfungwa inoti vamwe vanhu vakaipa, vamwe, izvi. chii icho? Uye kuti inovaparadzanisa sei? Nenzira ine hutsinye uye isina musoro: nerudzi, zvichireva kudzika. Uye kufunga kwomwana kunoramba kunyanyisa kwakadaro! Kutenda izvozvo mumhuri, ndoda muvanhu, vanhu vakanaka chete kana vakangwara kana vane tsika vanozvarwa, uye mune imwe, zvakapesana chaizvo? Ungataura sei kuti Darwinism inokurudzira pfungwa dzakadaro, apo dzidziso yaDarwin inobva pakusiyana-siyana, i.e. chaizvo pamisiyano? Tinogona kufungidzira kuti nzanga yemapoka chete, ne castes, zvakanga zvakaita nzanga yeEurope muzana remakore rechi19, pamwe kumedza chinhu chakadaro. Uye vanhu vanotenda zvavanoda kubva kune chero pfungwa, kubva kune chero bhuku.
Communism inonzi inoshanda, asi haina kuiswa zvakanaka. Vamwe vanoshamisika kuti sei izvi zvisina kutaurwa zvakare nezve fascism. Iko kune imwechete utopia inotaura nezve iko iko kushandiswa kwefascism , iyo inobva munyaya pfupi "Akazvarwa muna March" (Akazvarwa 8 Kurume) naIoana Petra. Mune utopia iyoyo, munhukadzi (zvimwe sei?), varume varipo, asi vari sezvinodiwa nevakadzi, saka havachakwanisi kugadzira madzibaba. Kuchinja kwehupenyu, vachitungamirirwa nevamwe vatsvakurudzi vevakadzi, akabvisa uipi munzanga. Varume vanotarisa uye vanoita sezvinodiwa nevakadzi (vamwe). Munzanga iyoyo, umo vakadzi vanozvibata uye vanotaridzika zvakasiyana-siyana, sekuda kwavo pabonde, asi ndizvo chaizvo zvikonzero zvakaenzana, kune simba rakawanda rekugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo, kusanganisira chirwere uye kuchembera. Valerie Solanas anokwevera kutarisisa mu "The Scum Manifesto" kune yakavanzika mitengo yemadzitateguru., umo vatungamiri vechirume, chero pamwero, vanonyanya kuda kuvhundutsa, zvino gadzirisa matambudziko. Nguva zhinji vanonyepedzera kuzvigadzirisa. Vakadzi havadi izvozvo.
Concluzia legată de o utopie „adevărată” e că trebuie să fie una feministă, kutaura nezve nzanga yakaenzana, umo kutambura kubva kune zvikonzero zvese, kunyanya urombo, inobviswa kana kuderedzwa zvakanyanya. Kudyidzana kwevanhu ndiko kunokosha, asiwo kunaka kwevanhu. Zvinoenderana nezvose izvi, Ndinofunga kuti Epicurus akanga akarurama. Mufaro une vanhu vaunoda, vane tsika uye vakangwara. Sezvazvaive munharaunda yake?
