Vanoti kune manyepo makuru, diki uye nhamba. Kudimikira kwechirevo ichi kungave kuti kune ngano dzinoshamisa, zvinovimbika uye…zvesainzi. Kunyangwe dzimwe ngano dzesainzi dzaive uye dzichikatyamadza vanhu vane pfungwa dzakakosha uye pfungwa dzakawanda. Hazvina kana kutaridzika semanyepo eupenzi seaya ari munyaya yeRussia apo munhu anofamba murima kuti acheke nebanga muSt.. Asi dzimwe dzinonzi dzesainzi pfungwa dzine zvinobatika (ndiko kuti, hatisi kutaura nezve quantum physics) dzakaoma sezvingagona kumedza.
Ko iyo yekutsikirira yakanga isina kusununguka kubva pakutanga, mupfungwa yokuti aiva mutsigiri, rusununguko rwaisanganisira kuita zvematongerwo enyika zvebato. Știința modernă s-a politizat și ea curând. Uye kuti mapato anochinja sei, shanduko yemafashoni epfungwa, maparadigms anogonawo kuchinja mune sainzi Chokwadi, pazvinobvira. Euclidean geometry haigone kuve nezvematongerwo enyika, sezvizhinji munhu haakwanise kuita zvematongerwo enyika mazhinji akakosha sainzi. Asi neimwe nzira kwaive uye kune nzvimbo yakawanda yekufambisa, iyo yakanyatsotorwa mukana uye ichiri kushandiswa.
Sentimentele au avut și au încă o miză foarte mare in acest sens. Manzwiro ari muvanhu nemhuka. Chaizvoizvo manzwiro muvanhu, „afectele” la animale. Ndizvo zvandakaverenga mumabhuku eethology kukoreji. Nokuti mhuka hadzina manzwiro, ele au „’afecte”. Pabvunzo, zvichienderana nemudzidzisi, ndaiudzwa kuti ndoita sei nenyaya yerudo mumhuka. Paive nezvimwe zvakavhurika kana kushoma kune kuti manzwiro emhuka anoenda kureba. Etologul Frans de Waal, munyori wemabhuku akawanda ane mukurumbira pamusoro pemaitiro emhuka, tsanangura mamiriro acho ezvinhu zvakadzama, zvakanyanya kuoma panguva yehuduku hwake, mumakore 60-70. De Waal aigara achisekwa nekupokana kuti mhuka dzakawanda kupfuura automatons, cum suna paradigma oficială. Își imaginează cineva care a avut câine oameni de știință „serioși”, chero zvazvinoreva (kana kusava nehanya, unul dintre sensuri e „distant, rece”), kutaura chinhu chakadaro?
Maererano nemaitiro, ane mumiriri ane mukurumbira ainzi B. F. Skinner (zita racho rinogona kutsanangura unhu hwemhuri) mhuka ma automatons anopindura kune zvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Kana tikayeuka kuedza kwaIvan Pavlov imbwa, inoonekwa sechinotangira maitiro, tinogona kuwedzera muenzaniso kune mamwe maitiro emhuka, asiwo kune psychology yemunhu. Maitiro emhuka (asiwo munhu) ingava rudzi rwetabula rasa, cu puține comportamente înnăscute. Mhuka dzaizodzidza nezvese zvadzinoita. Vaizonyatsopindura kune zvakatipoteredza zvinokurudzira. Vanhu vaizoita zvakafanana. Chokwadi, ichokwadi kuti mhuka dzine uropi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, semhuka dzinoyamwisa (kusanganisira murume) neshiri, vane maitiro akadzidzwa zvakanyanya. Vanhu havatauri kana kufamba nemakumbo maviri kunze kwekunge mumwe munhu anovadzidzisa. Ndizvo zvinoitawo dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinodzidzira kuvhima, uye shiri dzinodzidza kubhururuka. Asi zvakadini neaya maitiro anotaridzika semanzwiro ekuratidzwa mumhuka? Kwete zvazvinoita, but...adaptive behaviour! Ndokunge, mhinduro dzese kune nharaunda yeimwe automata inoita chete izvo zvinodiwa kuti urarame uye kubereka.. Chero chimwe chinhu chingadai chisina ... chesainzi.
Behaviorist conditioning yakaita mipiro pakudzidza kwekudzidza, mutauro, asi akaedzawo kutsanangura tsika uye kukura kwemhando. Simone de Beauvoir akatenda kuti unodzidza kuva mukadzi. Dzimwe dzidziso dzevakadzi nhasi dzakapesvedzerwa nepfungwa idzi. Nyangwe, sezvandataura, maitiro akadzidzwa akakosha muvanhu, zvakaoma kuziva kuti chisikwa chii uye chii chiri mhoteredzo. Dar deși psihicul e influențat de mediu, tsigiro yake ndeyomuzvarirwo. Kana nzanga chete ikakuita mukadzi, uye murume kana mukadzi, ndiko kuti, mucherechedzo wetsika wakabatana nebonde unobvisa zvachose biology, zvino tinogona kungozvidemba kuti varume vedzinza raMambokadzi Victoria, kusanganisira Prince Alexei, mwanakomana wamambo wokupedzisira, vakanga vasina kudarika. Ndiwo mabvisiro aaizoita hemophilia, chirwere chechirume chaicho. Uye pamwe nhoroondo ingadai yakaratidza zvakasiyana.
Pamwe nzvimbo dzemacommunist dzekudzidzisazve, kubatanidza idzo dzaiva mumatorongo umo vasungwa vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaguma, havana kupesvedzerwa nepfungwa dzevanozvibata? Mumwe munhu angafunga sei kuti munhu ane chivimbo chakajeka uye chakasimba anogona kuchinjwa kuva chimwe chinhu nemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro mumajeri echikomonisiti.? Murume mutsva anodiwa naCeaușescu, asiwo naPol Pot, yaifanira kuonekwa kuburikidza nerudzi rwakafanana rwekudzidziswa.
Kuzvibata, ane muvambi anonzi John B. Watson, kunyangwe vamwe vanotenda Edward Thorndike nemhando iyi, chaizvoizvo kufamba kwaifanira kuitika, maererano nevamwe vanyori, nekuderera kwe introspective psychology, asiwo nemaitiro matsva munharaunda. Kufemerwa, pakati pevamwe naFreud, Watson ari kuyedza kushandura psychology kuita sainzi. Behaviorism yakazvikweretesa separadigm yesainzi, rabhoritari. Zvipfupi zvesainzi chete, kureva kuti inorerutsa. Ndosaka kuita sainzi zvisiri nyore. Uye kunyanya kana ukadaro, unofanira kuziva kuti zvinosvika kupi. Iwe unobvisa zviitiko kubva muhupenyu uye unozvidzidza murabhoritari, hautsananguri hupenyu nezvaunowana mulab. Uye paatari yeinonzi sainzi, rudo ndirwo rwakabayirwa. Sezvo yaitova pfungwa yemuviri-yemweya dualism yakanga yapera, Manzwiro, zvechivanhu zvakabatana nemweya, kwakanga kwava kusava nebasa (uye chekare).
Freud, ane mupiro kungano iyi watisingagoni kuramba, vakafunga kuti kunamatwa kwemwana mudiki kuna amai kunongoenderana nekwaibva chikafu. Mafungiro emhando iyi akatonga chikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rapfuura (kuva neukama hupi nohupi hwakabva kwahwo vana kubva murudzi urwu rwedzidzo?). Kuparadzaniswa kwevana vadiki muzvipatara nemumisha inochengeterwa nherera chaive chinhu chaisava nehanya nacho, pane kudaro. Watson aiona rudo sechinhu chisina kukosha uye chisingawanzoitiki, kuti kunyanya kupiwa mwana kunomukanganisa, zvinomuita kuti ashaye simba uye aparadzwe. Zvimwe, pakati pemazano ekurera vana vanokurudzira izvozvo, kudzivirira kukura kwekunamatira, kutenderera kwemanesi kana vanamukoti. Jonathan Haidt anotaura mu “The Hypothesis of Happiness” nezvekutyisidzirwa kwakaitwa baba vake pavakanga vari voga muchipatara., muhuduku. Sezvakaita muRomanian nherera panguva yehudzvanyiriri hweLeninist, ndaizowedzera.
Kana zviri zvechikafu chete, ipapo bhodhoro raikwana kupa nyaradzo nerunyararo kumucheche. De ce ar mai fi avut nevoie puiul de om… de alți oameni? Sezvinoshamisa sezvazvingaratidzika, vamwe vakatoedza fungidziro iyi. Sezvineiwo, kuedza uku kwakatsemura maitiro. Mukuedza kugadzira macaque purazi yezvidzidzo zverabhoritari, Harry Harlow akacherechedza kuti nhiyo dziri dzoga pakuzvarwa, maererano nenzira dzenguva yekurera vana, havana kurarama. Uye kana vakadaro vaive nehunhu hwakakomba. Akaedza kugadzirisa dambudziko nekuedza (chaizvoizvo zvakawanda nekufamba kwemakore 50-60). Iwo ma rhesus macaque pups angangodaro ainetsekana kuti akange asina chinhu chekunamatira kuti avape chikafu.. Akabva aturika tambo dzetsoko mumatanga ehuku, kukwira pamusoro, kwaainge akaisa bhodhoro. Dambudziko harisati ragadziriswa. Akabva afunga kuti chingava chimwe chibatiso. Uye pamusoro paamai waya nebhodhoro remwana, akauyawo nemucheka waamai. Manhiyo aifarira mai vemicheka, wavakapedza nguva yakawanda naye. Vainge vosvika pabhodhoro pana mai vainge vakazarirwa. Chaikosha ndechekuti nhiyo dzaida kubatwa, uye kunamatwa kwaiva kwekubata, kwete chekudya. Chii chawawana, Ndaizotaura manje! Chaizova chikonzero chokuti kare ikako vanhu vakanga vasinganyatsozivi zvakawanda nezvemamwe manyani, vaisaona mafirimu eprimate paTV. Jane Goodall nu făcuse celebrele studii pe cimpanzei. Maprimate anonyaradzana nekubata maoko. Inoendawo pakati pemhando dzeprimate, sepakati pechimpanzi nevanhu, asiwo pakati pechimpanzi nemagudo semuenzaniso. Goodall descrie multe situații de genul în cartea ei „În umbra omului”. Kana tikafunga nezvazvo, toita sei kana tarova munhu nebhasikiti pasupermarket?
Kudonha kweBehaviorism, chikamu kuburikidza nekuedza kwaHarlow, chikamu kuburikidza nokumwe kuedza kwakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwemanzwiro mumhuka, asiwo muvanhu? Tiri kucollege taiudzwa zvakawanda pamusoro peplush versus mai waya, asi zvinoratidzika kuti kunyange chiitiko ichi chakanga chisina kukwana. Kana dziri mhuka, dai wango. Frans de Waal anotenda kuti mafirimu emhuka akawanda, yakagadzirwa nevanhu vakawanda, yakatorwa pasocial network, vakauya kuzopwisa vatsvakurudzi zviri nani kuti mhuka dzine chirwere chacho. Pamwe kusava nemhosva ndiyo nguva chaiyo. Cel puțin i-a făcut să înceteze să mai susțină ceva care s-ar putea caracteriza ca jumătate antropocentrism, jumătate cult al psihopaților și al mașinilor. Mafungiro aya aive panguva iyi, uye zvichiri, zvinobatsira. Industrial society, iyo yakanga yawedzera simba munguva yaFreud uye kunyange pamberi pake, zvaida ma-casters ari nyore-ku-condition. Manzwiro aiva chimwe chinhu chaikuvadza kushanda zvakanaka. Sabhuku vanokufunga, asi kana zvichibvira, anofanira kukunzwira tsitsi. Kana kuti zviri nani kusazviita. Hatizive kuti zvikamu zve psychopaths mune zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro zvaive zvipi panguva iyoyo, muhafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi20, kunyangwe nhoroondo inopa zvimwe zvinongedzo. Iye zvino zvinhu zvave kujeka, inotsigirwa nezvidzidzo, care sugerează că psihopatia (kusava nemanzwiro etsika uye tsitsi) yaizova mhando yevakuru vakuru vakawanda, vavhiyi kana vamwe vanhu vane simba. Kukurukurirana kusina munhu hakudi manzwiro, asi inoda kubatwa. Ndizvo chaizvo izvo psychopaths inogona kupa.
Asi kugamuchirwa kwemanzwiro muvanhu kwaiva nemugumo uri nani? Sezviri pachena kwete. Kuedza kwaHarlow netsoko dzevana kwakafuridzira vamwe vaongorori, uyo aishora kuparadzaniswa kwevana. Mumwe wavo ndiJohn Bawlby, uyo akawana mukupera kwema1960s kuti kukura kwevamwe vana kunoenderana nekugona kugadzira hukama hwehukama nemunhu mumwe chete., kazhinji mumwe wevabereki. Mary Ainsworth, mubatsiri wake, akadzidza muAfrica, uko vana vanorerwa neimwe nzira munharaunda, akaenderera mberi. Kunyangwe muAfrica, sezvavanotaura, musha wose unobatsira pakukura kwemwana, siyanisa (pamwe kashoma) munhu ariye main point of attachment. Munhu iyeye anowanzova amai vemwana. Apa ndipo panobva attachment theory (izwi rakagadzirwa naBawlby). migumisiro, sezvavanotaura, dai takabva pagungwa tichienda kutsime. Vana havachisiri vega, asi neimwe nzira yakabatana naamai, kukudziridza kubatana kwakakodzera. Sekutaura kunoita nyanzvi yepfungwa John Rosemund, zvino vakadzi vachinja tenzi kubva kumurume kuenda kumwana, vachiri vakapfeka corset.
Kutsoropodza kweattachment theory zviri nyore kuisa. Zvakanaka, ngatifungei kuti zvakatangira papi. Ndiko kuti, kubva pakuedza kwaHarlow. Zvakanaka, inoita semhuka yakafukidzwa, nu neapărat propria mamă, akavandudza affective situation yemwana wetsoko. Kana iri Africa, uko vana vanorerwa nemusha, uye anosvika makore maviri havatomboregi kuregwa nevakuru, kana peak yekunamatira ikacherechedzwa, zvisinei hapana kusara. Asi kusunungurwa kwevakadzi kwakawandisa kunokuvadza nzanga neropafadzo dzevamwe. Saka chipingamupinyi chitsva kurusununguko rwevakadzi chakagamuchirwa. Zvakadaro, vakadzi vomunyika mutsika dzisiri dzokuMadokero vanoshamiswa nouranda hunoshamisa uhwo vakadzi vanoiswa kwahuri muMadokero, zvisungo zvisingaperi vanamai vanazvo pano.
Vana vanorerwa nehukama hwega vari nani pane vamwe? Ngatifungei, cum spune Ioana Petra în „7000 Years of Patriarchy” cum au fost crescuți cei care au creat iluminismul și umanismul francez. Vana vanokudzwa (asi kwete chete) vakabva varerwa nanannies vakabva kunyika, kwete naamai vavo. Mashoko pamusoro pezvinoitika kuvana vasina kurerwa navanhu anobvawo panguva iyoyo, așa-zișii „copiii sălbatici”.
Kushandiswa kwakasimba kwedzidziso yekunamatira ndeyekubatanidzwa (yemhando yekunamatira) muhukama hwerudo. Hameno ndozvinoita zverudo, ngazvisava zvekunamatirwa. Chete, ZVINOREVA. Kugona, kana zvisiri zvemichato yakarongeka, mazviri zvaizobatsira chaizvo. Asi vanhu vanonyara kubva pane pfungwa yekungova mabhiriji ekunamatira. Pakupedzisira murindi anozobatanidzwawo nemusungwa mushure mechinguva. Asi kana usiri Borcea, haudi kuti hukama husikwe nenzira iyi. Kubatana kwaisazove nenzvimbo muhukama hwakasarudzika, chete, zvikuru subjective netsanangudzo. Kana kuti kwete?
Kuramba zvisikwa, rudzi uye kukosha kwemamiriro ezvinhu muvanhu nemhuka zvinoenderera mune mamwe maitiro. Cartea lui Antonie Damasio „Eroarea lui Descartes” arată cât de handicapantă e pierderea afecțiunii cu păstrarea intactă a funcțiilor cognitive. Pasina rudo hatisi kunyanya kubudirira, pane kudaro. Chikonzero chaicho hachipo. Zvimwe, zvidzidzo zvitsva pane vanozviti vane zvipo (kanenge kugadzira) arată că ei sunt de fapt plini de emoții, cum arată Jeanne Siaud-Facchin în „Prea inteligent ca să fi fericit?”. Zvitsva zvitsva zvinoratidza kuti autism, zvakare (zvimwe mafomu anoshanda) yaizobatanidzwa nekunzwa kukuru, iyo inovhara zvinobudirira.
Mumwe munhu akashamisika kuti taizotaura sei neimwe budiriro, kana tikasataurirana nemhuka dzepasi redu pachedu. Ndingapindura kuti zvingava zvinoshamisa kutaurirana nemarudzi edzimwe nyika sezvatinotaurirana nedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa, semuenzaniso nembwa. Kunyangwe isu tisingazive ethology, kune mutauro wepasi rose wemhuka dzinoyamwisa: AFFECTION. Tikatarisa kutamba kunoita imbwa neshiri tinoona kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinotaurirana zvakanaka sei. Unoshamisika kuti sei shiri hainzwisisi zvimwe zvinoitwa nembwa. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa zvisikwa zvine vana vasingagoni kuzvibatsira, vaichengetwa uye vachidzivirirwa vachiri vadiki. Pamwe hungwaru hwavo hwepamusoro hunoenderana nekunzwa kwavo. Vakava vakangwara zvikuru nokuti madzitateguru avo ainzwa zvakawanda. Zvichida zvose zvakanaka munzanga yevanhu, adică sentimentele morale și instituțiile derivate de aici provin din ceea cer putea numi „instinct de protejare a puilor”, kureva varombo, aripo mumiviri yese (v. „Civilizația foametei/ o altă abordare a umanizări”). Asi nzanga yakavakirwa pachisimba uye kutyisidzira kwechisimba, kubva kune chiremera chinobuda, haakwanise kuzvibvuma.
