Pakati pezvinhu zvikuru zveWest, chimwe chezvakanyanya kukosha ndicho chatinodaidza kuti "western science". Ndiyo nzira iyoyo yezivo yakaita kuti Revolution Yeindasitiri igoneke. Asi pamberi peSainzi yekuMadokero, zvobva zvaenderana nazvo, kwaiva uye kune ruzivo munharaunda dzose dzevanhu. Kucherekedza zvinowanzoitika muzvinhu zvakasikwa (uye nzanga) hunhu hwepfungwa dzemunhu. Mapoka ose evanhu ane tsika yezvinhu (uye zvemweya), în care se reflectă această cunoaștere. Uye chii chinonzi tsika, adică tezaurul cunoștințelor, kuve hwaro hwezvimwe zvigadzirwa kana mamwe maitiro ekuwana chikafu, zvenzira dzekudzivirira nezvimwewo zviripowo mumhuka. Semaparenthesis, există și ceea ce s-ar numi proto-limbaj, ndiko kuti, gadziriro yenzwi kana kuti zviratidzo zvepashure zvinobudisa mashoko. Uye semhando ipi neipi yetsika, ruzivo urwu runoparidzirwa ... mutsika.
Kutsvaga nzira yekuredza majuru, yakagadzirwa nechimpanzi chechikadzi (zvinopesana nerusaruro rwakajairika, iyo yakapindawo munziyo dzezvikwata zvakaita seTaxi, vakadzi, kunyanya vadiki, vanowanzo tsvaga kana kugadzirwa mumaprimate zvakazara, kwete zvimpanzi chete), inokodzerwa neboka rose, uyo anodzidza tekinoroji, uye kana kushandiswa kwayo kukaramba kuchikwanisika, ndiko kuti, boka rinogara munzvimbo iyoyo kana imwe ine mamiriro akafanana, Ndinochipfuudzawo kuvana. Pane muenzaniso uya wakakurumbira wemacaque eJapan akanga adzidza kugeza mbatatisi isati yaadya, zvino, kuva tastier, kuti avasuke mugungwa.
Asi chii chinoita kuti inonzi sainzi yekuMadokero ive yakakosha? Pakati pevamwe vanyori, Sandra Harding mukatiIs Science Multicultural? Postcolonialisms, Feminism, uye Epistemologies, inofambira mberi muruzivo rwesainzi. Kubva mubhuku rake panobuda pfungwa yekuti kujeka kwesainzi yekuMadokero ndiko kwaizoturikira mukukara kwezivo, kuwana marudzi ose ezivo, kunyanya avo vakakomberedzwa. Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka nemagadheni ebhotani zvakavambwa kuti zviwane uye kushandisa marudzi matsva emhuka nemiti. Sezvineiwo munhu angashamisika kana paidiwawo nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzevanhu. Vanhu venzvimbo dzakapambwa vakatorwa nechisimba, kuramba kune zvimwe zvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze, asiwo… neruzivo rwavo nezvekurima nzimbe, semuyenzaniso. muranda, zvino sezvazvakaita muAntiquity, rakanga risiri basa remaoko chete, asiwo munhu akakwaniriswa nokuda kwebasa raaifanira kuita. Dzimwe nguva hunyanzvi…
Asi kushandiswa kubva pakuona kweruzivo rwemakoloni kwaisangogumira ipapo. Chero ruzivo rwaigona kushandiswa rwakawanikwa. Uye zvingani zvigadzirwa uye zvakawanikwa zvakaunzwa kubva kuMabvazuva nekumhiri! Kungotaura zvakawanikwa zvekurapa, semajekiseni, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya (!), tratamentul malariei… Multe lucruri banale, zvatinodzidza kuchikoro kana kukoreji, vanobva kunyika dziri kure. MuIndia yekare maiva nenyanzvi yegirama yakakurumbira, Panini (între secolele VI și IV î.e.n.). airevei? Zvinoita semazuva ose kunyanzvi dzemitauro sedecimal system ine zviratidzo zvayo, iyo inobvawo kuIndia, kunyangwe kuburikidza nerukova rwechiIslam, humambo hweEuropean colonial husati hwavapo.
Panyaya yesainzi, VaEurope vakanga vasingasaruri zvachose, “vakaderera” marudzi netsika, iyo neimwe nzira yaida nhungamiro ine mufungo yetsika dzakakwirira, vakanga vachiri vakanaka zvakakwana kuti vagadzirise zvinetso pasina chigadzikiso muMadokero. Sainzi yekuMadokero iri kuhodha, asina rusaruro uye kukunda kwake kunoitwa pamwero weindasitiri. Sei? Zvichida nokuti zvizhinji zvacho zvairevererwa nevanhu vakanga vasiri nyanzvi, asi kufamba, vatengesi, administrator, vamiriri, zvechiuto, vanhu vanoda uye vanokurudzirwa, vanoshuva pfuma nomukurumbira.
Nokuda kwekuvandudzwa kwesayenzi kwaiva nekukurudzira, iyo yehupfumi. Ruzivo aiita mari nemaapps ake. Ruzivo rwaiva nezvakakosha, kwete yemweya. Muchokwadi, ichi chinogona kunge chiri chikamu chayo chakakosha. Știința a devenit occidentală după ce a suferit o mutație importantă: kusunungurwa kubva muchitendero, zvemweya, kunyange kubva kunyika yepfungwa dzaPlato. Chinyorwa chekutanga chebiology chinonzi chemazuva ano chinounza rondedzero dzisiri dzemunhu dzemhuka, pasina zvidzidzo zvetsika zvemhando dzengano dzemabasa ekare. Mhuka dzaive nemorphology uye physiology, kwete hunhu.
Sayenzi yemazuva ano inoonekwa sekutanga naGalileo. Tinogona kufungidzira kuti Chechi yakakanganiswa nepfungwa dzake kwete nekuti dzaipokana nesainzi yeChechi, asi Galileo namamwe masayendisiti enguva yacho vakanga vachiuya chaizvoizvo norumwe rudzi rwesayenzi, kusunungurwa nokutenda, kwete Chikristu chete, asi nokutenda kworudzi rwose.
Chakanga chiri chinhu chitsva, kwete muEurope chete. Ndege yaGalileo yakarerekera yaingova zvayo ndege yakarerekera, pasina imwe chirevo. Hapana chinodarika mumitemo iyoyo! Kana cheni yehutsvene yaizodambuka, uye pano hazvisi chete nezvemaonero madiki echitendero chechiKristu, ruzivo rwaigona kuputika, kupa mikana isingaverengeki, semutambo. Zivo, chaizvo nokuti inokosha, mutsika zhinji, zvine chekuita nemasimba emweya, izvo zvinopa kuwirirana kwetsika kudarika yatinoti mitemo yechisikigo. MaEskimos ane tekinoroji inoshanda zvakakwana yekuvaka igloo, asi mweya inoita basa rinokosha mumirairo yekuvaka. Mutsika umo ruzivo rwakabatanidzwa kune zvinoera, haugone kuita chiitiko chese, haugone kuongorora zvese, kunyangwe pasina simba reChechi nekubvunzurudza kwayo. Kunyangwe sainzi yagara ichibatanidzwa nehuzivi, yakawandisa kubatana nemetafizikisi zvakaenzana kuzviganhurira. Ngatisakanganwe kuvanza kwe dodecahedron sechimiro chakakwana, izvo zvaisafanira kuvapo, maererano nevaGiriki vekare!
Yakanga iri tsananguro inofadza kuti sayenzi yazvino uno yakatanga nemwoyo wose nemakanika, iyo yakagadzira muenzaniso kune dzimwe sainzi zvakare. Nyika yaive nzira yaifanira kutsanangurwa. Kuderera kweChechi kwakabatsira. Chechi, temberi dzaive dzoga paruzivo rwakakosha, seaya ane chekuita neruzivo rwenyeredzi. Kubva kuvaBhabhironi, Vanhu vechiChinese, kuvaAztec, kufamba kwenyeredzi mudenga rakanga riri basa revaprista vakatangwa.
Asi mumazana emakore achangopfuura, kusunungurwa kwesainzi dzinoyera kwakanga kusina kufanana. Biology, inotongwa nevapristi (kusanganisira Charles Darwin akadzidziswa zvebhaibheri), akazvisunungura kubva muchitendero nedambudziko guru. Kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kune vakawanda vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari munzanga, uye pfungwa dzokushanduka-shanduka dzakaoneka makumi emakore bhuku raDarwin risati ranyorwa bhuku rinonzi “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, kana kuti Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Existence” (kusanganisira nasekuru vake, Erasmus Darwin, akabvuma mhindumupindu), kutya kune chokuita nekurwiswa kunobvira kwevanokurudzira kusika, dzidziso yepamutemo panguva iyoyo, zvakaita kuti Darwin anonoke kubudiswa kwebhuku racho. Zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisike kuti biology inofanira kuramba ichitemesa mashura.
Zvinogona kupokana kuti pakanga paine ruzivo rushoma, kuti zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana paradigm. Asi pakanga paine pfungwa dzakakurumbira dzinonzwisisika uye dzine kwezvakawanda zvezvakasikwa. Semuyenzaniso, ideea generației spontane, kunyangwe fake, zvinoreva kubuda kwehupenyu mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo. Hupenyu uhu hwaifanira kushanduka, uyewo maererano nepfungwa yakakurumbira, yakarongedzwa naLamarck. Uye zvakadaro, Ini zvino ndave neruzivo rwakanyanya nezve biology, asi dzidziso yokusika haisati yapera, pane kudaro. Nei izvi zviri kuitika?? Vanhu havasi kufara nedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka nekusarudza? Tinogona kubvuma, sezvakaitika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, kuti vamwe vanoramba mhindumupindu nokusarudza, asi mhindumupindu seyakadaro chimwe chinhu chakagamuchirwa navanhu vakadzidza zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Uye zvino zvinoratidzika zvakatonyanya kushamisa kusabvuma.
Dar cum „evoluează” știința în general? Thomas Kuhn mu "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" inoratidza kuti ma paradigms ezvesayenzi anoshanduka sei. Kuunganidza data, migumisiro yekuedza uye zvakaonekwa, inotungamira pakusikwa kweparadigm. Miedzo mitsva inoitwa zvichienderana nekufungidzira kwake, zvimwe zvacho zvinovhiringa paradigm yekare. Ipapo panoitika dambudziko, uye mushure mechinguva, imwe paradigm, kukwanisa kutsanangura data idzva, inotsiva yekare. Kuhn akatanga modhi iyi zvichibva pane zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo yemamwe mazano esainzi.
Asi zvinoitika seizvi nguva dzose here?? Nhoroondo yezvigadzirwa zvinoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwavo kunoenderana nekuwana zviwanikwa, kureva capital. Injini yaJames Watt yaive nemukwikwidzi ane simba, asi iyo isina kubatsirwa nemari yaidiwa. Kunyatsoongorora zvakawanikwa nesayenzi, yekumisa mamwe mazano, inotitungamirira kumhedziso yakafanana. Rutsigiro rwemagariro, kwete zvinhu chete, kwakakosha. Funga zvakawanikwa zvakafanana zvakawanikwa munyika dzakasiyana kana nevaongorori vakasiyana. Tingadai takaziva nezvaAlfred Wallace nhasi?, uyo akazvimiririra akasvika pane pfungwa yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo mukushanduka-shanduka, dai Darwin anga asiri munyoro? Mitemo yaMendel, baba vemajini, aibudiswa mumaraibhurari, kusanganisira yaDarwin, kwemakumi emakore. Kuwanikwa kwavo kwakazvimirira, nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, au dus la redescoperirea lui… Mendel.
Sayenzi chiitiko chevanhu. Nyika yesainzi haisi iyo inoratidzika kubva kunze, asi boka revanhu. Uye mitemo yezvoupfumi neyenzanga inoita seinotsanangura kubudirira kwedzimwe pfungwa, zvakawanikwa, dzidziso nezvimwe. Kunyangwe hazvo zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro zvisingatariswe sainzi mupfungwa yemaitiro akaiswa naKarl Popper.. Kana chokwadi chisiri pachena, nyore kuti munhu wese atarise, izvo zvehupfumi zvinhu zvinopindira, zvemagariro uye kunyanya zvematongerwo enyika.
Zvisinei, kunze kwezvematongerwo enyika, sainzi ine mamwe matambudziko. Tinogona kuva nechivimbo chokuti chokwadi chichakunda pakupedzisira? Tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti dzimwe pfungwa dzinoponesa hadzizovigwi nokusingaperi?
Muzvikamu zvinotevera ticharatidza chokwadi kubva munhoroondo yesainzi chinoita sechinoratidza zvakasiyana.
