I-Utopia etymologically ithetha into engekho ndawo. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi yintoni, ubukhulu becala. Ngokuqinisekileyo, nawuphi na umsebenzi wentsomi uthetha ngexesha kunye nendawo eyavela kuyo. Into ebuhlungu kukuba ayisuki kude kakhulu kuloo ndawo kunye nexesha. I-utopia "yokwenyani" iya kuba yinto ekwenza ube nesiyezi, andiqondi nantoni na ekhoyo. Ngoku, xa bonke ubugcisa benzelwe ukothusa, amabali e-Hollywood fantasy, makube nazo zenzululwazi, zezona zixhaphakileyo. Into eyothusayo luhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Le ngxelo yeyenkulisa, kunye nomyalezo, Ibanga lesi-4 kakhulu. Ukuba ngoku sifumana imbalela enkulu yemibono kunye nesibindi sokutyala imali kubuchule sele saziwa kakuhle..
Kodwa kwakukhe kwahluka? Imbono yomntu yayikhe yangaqhelekanga?
Ukuphendula le mibuzo, kufuneka siqale siphendule ukuba abantu bafuna ntoni kwi-utopia. Ukususela ngokuhlanganisana kwabo ngamanani amakhulu, ukusukela ngokuvela koluhlu oluqinileyo, ingakumbi ebukhobokeni, abantu baqonda ukuba awunakonwaba ngokwenene kuluntu olunjalo, baza baqalisa ukuphupha into eza kutshintshwa. Babengabantu abonwabileyo ngaphambili? Kunzima ukuthetha, kuba asilazi ngokwenene ukuba ihlabathi lalinjani, indlela ababelungelelaniswe ngayo ngoku kuphelile 10000 umnyaka ubudala. Ngoku 10000 umnyaka ubudala, emva kokufika kwezolimo, sinemikhondo ethile. Imibutho engeyiyo eyezolimo (nangona kukho ama-nuances apha), ezo zibizwa ngokuba yimibutho yemveli, yabazingeli-abaqokeleli (eneneni isichasi siya kuchaneka ngakumbi, ukuba ipesenti enkulu kakhulu yokutya ibonelelwa ngokukha- cam 90%, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abafazi ngabaqokeleli ...) zazingafani, kwaye eneneni ngeyavela malunga nexesha elinye nelezolimo, emva kwe glaciation yokugqibela. Into esiyaziyo kukuba izigulo zengqondo azibhalwanga kolu luntu, njenge-schizophrenia (v. Impucuko yendlala / enye indlela yokwenza ubuntu). Kukho into esiyibiza ngokuba kukudandatheka apho?
Nangona kwimibutho yezolimo yaseAfrika kukho zonke iintlanga ezivela kuthi, mhlawumbi ngamanye amaxesha ugxininiswe ngakumbi, kumona namayelenqe, ububi, xa besiza eNtshona izinga lokugula ngengqondo linyuka kakhulu, amaxesha ambalwa, ngakumbi kwisizukulwana sesibini sabaphambukeli. Isaziso kwabo baqhubeka bethetha ngeradicalization xa bechaza uhlaselo "lobunqolobi" ngabantu abancinci abawela kolu luhlu.. Ugqirha wengqondo ovela eGreat Britain waqhubela phambili le ngcamango, zithiwe thaca kwinkongolo yezigulo zengqondo eVienna, 2010, ukuba amaqhina osapho, uhlobo lobudlelwane basemaphandleni kwiindawo zasekhaya, ingaba yintoni enika ukhuseleko. Kukho iintsapho ezandisiweyo apho, ngaphambi kokuba uGawulayo azikho iinkedama, akukho mntu ushiywe ngasemva ngokwenene, nokuba ubuhlwempu. Ukuba nathi besingayazi imikhwa yabo (yabantu abamnyama baseAfrika, kodwa hayi kuphela, kwakunye nabantu abakuMbindi Mpuma, kugxekwa oku ngu-Ayaan Hirsi Ali) ukuthumela imali ekhaya, ukunceda iintsapho zabo ezandisiweyo, mhlawumbi bekuya kuba nzima ukuba siqonde. Bacinga ukuba sikhohlakele ukuba singayenzi loo nto. Kubonakala ngathi into echasene nenkqubela phambili, ubuhlanga njl. Urhwaphilizo olumangalisayo eAfrika lunxulumene nala masiko. Ndingenza njani ukuze umzala wam eze evenkileni ambhatale? Ndingathini ukungamncedi xa esengxakini? Ukuba indima yentlalo (INKONZO) iyandivumela?
Asiyazi indlela abavakalelwa ngayo, ngokuba asikhuliswanga njengabo, kodwa ukuba sijonga izigulo zengqondo, kubonakala kungcono. Kubonakala ngathi ezinye izibonakaliso zikhomba ngcono. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba baziva bengcono, uziphathe kakuhle. Bekuya kuba njani ukufumanisa ukuba ibali eyoyikisayo yeUkumkani weempukane iya kwenzeka ngentsebenziswano yokwenene, umanyano kunye nolungelelwaniso olulungileyo, imithetho iyahlonitshwa, kwimeko yabantwana abavela kwiindawo zemveli? Kwaye oku koko kwenzeka kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo kwimeko yolunye ulutsha olusuka eNew Guinea olwaphukelwa yinqanawa kwisiqithi esisentlango.. Abantwana abaphukelwe yinqanawa batyhubela iimeko ezinzima, ukunqongophala kokutya, bade babhaqwe. Kwaye, kanye kuba babengengawo amaNgesi, benza umfanekiso omhle. Ngokuqinisekileyo, bebesazana. Kwaye bahlala bengabahlobo. Ngubani onokwenza imuvi malunga nento enjalo?
Nangona ezi data, kodwa nabanye, icebisa ukuba ukulingana, umanyano, ukungabikho kolawulo olungqongqo, ziyimithombo yolonwabo. Abantu banokuzamkela iintlekele zemvelo, Nditsho noMalthus uthi iyamangalisa indlela abantu abakhawuleza ngayo ukuchacha kwiintlekele, engathelekisekiyo neemfazwe. Abantu banokubuvuma ububi bendalo, kodwa hayi oontanga. Kuba ngaphandle kwentlungu, ukugonyamela amadoda kuthoba isidima. Kubonakala ngathi ezi zithako zingentla zinefuthe elifanayo kubuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko. Zonke izifundo zolonwabo ezibeka amazwe eNordic phezulu zibonisa into enye. Kwaye ukuba ucinga ngayo, akukho ndawo yakuhlala apho! Indlela yokonwaba kwi-Arctic Circle?! Idatha ibonisa ukuba ulonwabo olukhulu olufunyenwe e-UK lwaluphakathi 1976, xa ubuninzi bokulingana kwezentlalo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zabhalwa. Ingxelo ibonisa oko ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, nangona kwakukho ubuhlwempu nokunqongophala kokutya, abantu baziva bebhetele, bahlala ixesha elide e-UK. EHungary, emva kokuphela kobukomanisi, enjalo, ubuhlwempu behlile, kodwa iminyaka yokuphila ihlile, ngokwengxelo efanayo. Abantu bakhetha ukulingana kunenkululeko ngokwayo, qwalasela izazi ngezentlalo ezifana noSerge Moscovici. Uphononongo oluninzi lwamabanjwa lubonisa indlela abantu abakuthiyile ngayo ukoniwa ngumntu, hayi ngemoto. Mhlawumbi abo bazisolayo ngobukomanisi, ukungahoyi ulawulo lobuzwilakhe nobuhlwempu, ngokwenene ndiyayiva le? Kodwa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lweLeninist luqale luthotywe ngokubanzi. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi abanye baye balibala.
Ngokwenene, ukuba sithatha utopias kakhulu ngempumelelo, oko kukuthi, ubuKristu kunye nesalamane esincinci, inkolo yamaSilamsi, Ndithetha ngayo. KuBukristu akusekho kwantlukwano phakathi kwabantu, yobutyebi, yakhala, ngesondo. Kwi-Islam, i-umma yenziwa, umphakathi wamaSilamsi omele ukuba usemhlabeni wonke (ndakhe ndayibona phi into enje??) apho kungekho makhoboka, apho iinkokeli zonqulo, kodwa baphila ngokuthozama kakhulu kwaye baziphatha ngokulinganayo. Kwaye kwizizukulwana eziliqela kwaba njalo, de...abezopolitiko abanesiphiwo bazibeke njengeekhalifa kwaye babhukuqa imithetho (v. Ansari kwi "Altered Destiny"). UbuKomanisi, emva kwezimvo ezininzi, eneneni lolunye uhlobo lobuKristu. Izindlu zoonongendi namaEssene zigqithiselwa njengemizekelo yamaqela okwenene angamakomanisi. IiKibbutzim zongezwa apha.
Ukungaphumeleli kobukhomanisi kunye nobuSilamsi sele kusaziwa. Yintoni unobangela? Ubume bomntu, ivakala impendulo eqhelekileyo. Umgangatho ophantsi, ukuzingca kwabantu, oku kubonakala kungoyena nobangela uqhelekileyo. Ngezizathu ezifanayo, akukho nto isebenzayo, kuquka ubungxowankulu. Isaiah Berlin în culegerea de eseuri sub numele „Adevăratul studiu al omenirii”, ecaphula kwaye ehlalutya ababhali abaninzi baseRashiya, ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba uluntu olungcono alunakwenzeka, ukuba awuzukuyazi nendlela yokuyidala, kwaye ukuba uyafuna. Kwaye bekungayi kusebenza. Ukubandezeleka okukhoyo ehlabathini akunakushenxiswa, bakholwa. Akukho nto yenza ingqiqo xa kuziwa ekutshintsheni ihlabathi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakunzima nokuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wentlalontle eRashiya, ilizwe elinokungalingani okugqithisileyo, apho iintlobo ezisibhozo zobukhoboka zazisemthethweni ngexesha likaCatherine nasemva. Kanye njengokuba ukulunga kwentlalo kwakungenakucingelwa kwiIndiya yakudala, kunye ne-castes kunye ne-taboos enxulumene nolawulo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba iBuddhism ingazalelwa apho? Ekuphela kwesicombululo yayikukunikezela, UKUBEKWA WEDWA, ubomi ngaphakathi.
IRashiya ikubonisile oko kubandezeleka (nobukhoboka) ingathunyelwa ngaphandle ngempumelelo. Kwaye imbali ibonise ukuba imimangaliso emininzi inokwenziwa ukuba ususa ubuhlwempu kwaye unike ukulingana okuthile. Andikwazi ukuzibamba kodwa ndinike umzekelo waseGrisi, ilizwe 85% intaba, ihlwempu kakhulu ngaphambi kwemfazwe. Kwaye emva ... Indlela abothuka ngayo ootatomkhulu nootatomkhulu bethu babeya kutyelela iGrisi ngoku! Abantu abafani ngoku kunokuba babenjalo ngoko, baziphatha ngokwahlukileyo. Ngaba umntu unokucinga ukuba ubuncinci eGrisi? Kodwa ingxaki ye 2009 ibutho lamaGrike laliguqukile, izinga lokuzibulala linyuke kakhulu. Uninzi lweengxaki zentlalo ziqala kubuhlwempu.
Ziziphi izizathu zokungonwabi ezathetha ngazo i-utopias yexesha elidlulileyo? Sinokwenza ulwahlulo lwe-utopias ngokweengxaki zentlalo ababeyijonga njengoxanduva lobubi emhlabeni, kwaye yintoni, kanye isusiwe, ngelukhokelele kulonwabo (onesisa?). Kwimibhalo yamandulo, ukusuka kuPlato ukuya kwiTestamente Endala, ububi babusemntwini, umntu oziphethe kakubi ngokwemvelo. EAtlantis, amadoda ayenendalo yobuThixo kumlinganiselo omkhulu, yintoni eyabanika isimilo. KwiTestamente eNdala umntu uwile, kodwa ulonwabo lwalukho phambi kwezolimo nempucuko. Izulu linikwa ngobuninzi bendalo, apho kungekho mfuneko yokuba abantu basebenze. Kwaye apho balingana khona. Isafobe kuluntu lwabazingeli nabaqokeleli bemveli? Mhlawumbi kwiindawo zaseMpuma, le nostalgia ikhona. Mhlawumbi unxibelelwano lwabo nemibutho enjalo lwalusengqondweni (kuthathelwa ingqalelo nenkangeleko yokubhala okudala). Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngokwalo lugcine izinto ezininzi zoluntu oludala, i-preclavagiste. Ubukhoboka obuqhelekileyo babuseYurophu. Alikho kwi-utopias kulo mmandla wehlabathi.
IRiphablikhiI-Plato's izisa ngokuyingozi kakhulu kuluntu lwaseIndiya. Kukho iklasi yabasebenzi, yamajoni, kodwa nodidi olulawulayo, uveliswa bubulumko. Zizihandiba kuphela ezinokulawula, kodwa abanye kufuneka babe nezidima, kwinkalipho namandla, ngokumodareyitha. Wonke umntu uyayazi indawo yakhe, yonke into ihamba kakuhle.
UThomas More uyaguquka, „Utopia” (ibhalwe kwi 1515) ufana neemodeli ezikufutshane nathi, mhlawumbi yiloo nto iyoyikeka ngakumbi. Ibutho lakhe elifanelekileyo lilawulwa ngukumkani, izikhundla eziphezulu zolawulo ziphethwe ngamagosa anyuliweyo, kodwa...abantu abaninzi abanakuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo kuba bebambekile kwimibutho yobungcali. Masingalibali, yayilixesha lemibutho, ubudlamko babo bebuyingxaki kwiinguqu zedemokhrasi zexesha elizayo. Eyona nto ilungileyo iseza. I-Utopia iqulethe amakhoboka, abenza wonke umsebenzi onzima. Baqeshwa phakathi kwabaphambukeli abagwetywe ukufa kunye namabanjwa. Kanjalo, Utopian! Kodwa kwabanye, abasebenza kancinci. Akukho propati yabucala, akukho mali, umahluko phakathi kwabantu mincinane. Uluntu lufana, kwaye ubugcisa abukho. Intuition yesiphumo sokulinganisa apho ipropati yabucala ibiyelwe, e remarcabilă. Dar măcar e libertate de religie…
O utopie cu efecte care pare și mai mult… okanye i-dystopia kwaye iyayeka kuye uThomas Bell, „Cetatea Soarelui” (Umzi welanga). Kukho ubukomanisi obunyulu, isetyenziswe kakuhle, ngayo yonke into efanayo, ukusuka kwigumbi lokulala ukuya kwigumbi lokutyela. Ecaleni kwepropathi yabucala njengobubi bokugqibela, UCampanella uzisa nentsapho yomntu omnye. Kolu luntu olufana nolo lwePol Pot, ubunkokeli bobososayensi-ababingeleli abenza yonke into ngokwemithetho yendalo. Ivakala iqheleke kangakanani loo nto, ukuba uyazi ukuba isoshiyali yayiyenzululwazi!
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ngaphaya kwepropati, bani, obunye ububi yayikukuba nomfazi omnye. Kwaye amakomanisi okuqala ayibona le nto, kodwa kubonakala ngathi oosolusapho, oko kukuthi, umnqweno wokulawula abafazi, womelele. U-Stalin uthatha isigqibo sokuba abafazi kufuneka baphinde bangene kwindima ehloniphekileyo yomama, emva kuka-Alexandra Kollontai, inkokheli yabasetyhini kwinguquko yaseRashiya, wayethethe kakhulu ngenkululeko yesini. Into ababengayiqondi abagxeki bokutshata nomntu omnye kukuba yaziswa ngoosolusapho.
Akukho mntu wayicingayo loo nto kwimvelaphi yokungalingani okuqaqambileyo, yobundlobongela ekuhlaleni, kweyona mithombo iphambili yokungonwabi, kuquka nomona, bekuya kuba...usolusapho? Societățile matriliniare erau studiate, nangona kunjalo, nangona incinci, kuquka neeEngels uthetha ngazo kwincwadi ethi “The Origin of the Family, kwipropati yabucala kunye norhulumente". Kodwa umbhali ophawulekayo, ngengcinga yokuqala, ababeyiqonda ibhayoloji, UCharlotte Perkins, wabhala i-utopia enjalo. „Herland”. Sigur că acea societate e feministă, ukulawulwa ngabafazi. Luluntu olungenabundlobongela, ulwaphulo-mthetho, yeemfazwe, yokongamela abanye abantu. Amabhinqa akrelekrele yaye aziphatha kakuhle, akukho zimpawu zomahluko phakathi kwabo, hayi nakwimpahla. Ivelisa ngokungafaniyo, kwaye abazi nokuba ngamadoda. Ihlabathi labubaleka njani obu bubi?? Ngobundlobongela, ungacinga, ukuba ubunokucaphula uLwazi lwakudala okanye uMarx. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amadoda awazange anikezele amandla odwa, njengoko kulindelekile. Umsindo wendalo, ngokukodwa ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo olwabulala amadoda amaninzi kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo. Abasindileyo baba ngamakhoboka, emva koko babulawa.
Olu luntu lufana nezinye ezikhoyo? Ingakholeleki, nika. Uluntu olunjalo lwabasetyhini bonke lukho iminyaka 60-70, iminyaka yegolide yobufazi. Uninzi lwamalungu yayingamalesbians, kwaye umsinga wade wabizwa ngokuba yi-separatist. Abafazi abafanelekileyo, abaninzi abasaphilayo, babekholelwa ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba umfazi onwabe kwindawo apho kukho namadoda, ngokuba ebeya kwenza ntoni na, baya kuyixhaphaza, bayixhaphaze. La mabhinqa ahlakulela ukwahlukana ngokupheleleyo namadoda. Bade bade bangalixhasi nelungelo lokuqhomfa. Wayefuna ntoni umfazi ophepha amadoda? Nangona ezi ndawo ziye zanyamalala ngenxa yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, le ngqondo ikhona nangoku, ngakumbi kwiLatin America, kuluntu olunobundlobongela kakhulu kwindawo. Apho abafazi babona i-lesbianism kunye nokwahlukana njengeyona ndlela enqwenelekayo, nokuba akunakwenzeka.
Isiphelo siya kuba kukuba "inyani" i-utopia iya kuba yi-feminist, elo hlabathi belingayi kuba ngoosolusapho. Singathetha njani ngokulingana?, yobulungisa, kubudolusapho? Xa onke amaziko enziwe ukuba alawule kwaye axhaphaze abafazi? Singathetha njani ngolonwabo kweli hlabathi? Ingxaki kukuba abafazi abayazi nokuba kunjani ukukhululeka. Majoritatea utopiilor pornesc de la ideea că răul e în afara omului, ukuba imali, ipropati, umfazi omnye, ndamlimaza. Kukho ingcamango ethi abanye abantu babi, abanye, oku. Yintoni leyo? Nendlela ebahlula ngayo? Ngeyona ndlela ikhohlakeleyo nengenangqiqo: ngokohlanga, intsingiselo yokwehla. Yaye ukucinga komntwana bekuya kukugatya oko kukha phezulu! Indlela yokukholelwa oko kwintsapho, ndiyeke phakathi kwabantu, kuzalwa abantu abalungileyo kuphela, abakrelekrele okanye abaziphethe kakuhle, nakwenye, kanye ngokuchaseneyo? Ungatsho njani ukuba imfundiso kaDarwin ikhuthaza iingcamango ezinjalo, xa ithiyori kaDarwin isekelwe ekuguquguqukeni, o.t. ngokuchanekileyo kumahluko? Singaqikelela ukuba luluntu lweklasi kuphela, ngeecastes, lalinjani uluntu lwaseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-19, mhlawumbi uginye into enjalo. Kwaye abantu bakholelwa into abayifunayo kuyo nayiphi na ingcamango, kuyo nayiphi na incwadi.
Kuthiwa ubuKomanisi buyasebenza, kodwa ayizange isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo. Abanye bayazibuza ukuba kutheni oku kungathethwanga kwakhona malunga ne-fascism. Kukho ubuncinci i-utopia enye ethetha ngokusetyenziswa okuchanekileyo kwe-fascism , enye kwibali elifutshane "Wazalwa ngoMatshi" (Wazalwa 8 EyoKwindla) ngu-Ioana Petra. Kuloo utopia, umntu wabasetyhini (njani enye?), amadoda akhona, kodwa banjengoko bafuna abafazi, ngoko ke abasakwazi ukwenza i-patriarchy. Utshintsho lwebhayoloji, ikhokelwa ngabaphandi abathile babasetyhini, wasusa ububi eluntwini. Amadoda akhangeleka kwaye enze njengoko abafazi befuna (abanye). Kwelo butho loluntu, apho abafazi baziphatha kwaye babukeka behluke kakhulu, njengokuthanda kwabo isini, kodwa yiyo kanye loo nto ilingana, kukho amandla amaninzi okusombulula iingxaki zokwenyani, kuquka izifo kunye nokwaluphala. UValerie Solanas utsalela ingqalelo kwi "Scum Manifesto" kwiindleko ezifihliweyo ze-patriarchy, apho iinkokheli zamadoda, nakweliphi na inqanaba, ngokuyintloko bafuna ukothusa, uze uzisombulule iingxaki. Amaxesha amaninzi benza ngathi bayazisombulula. Abafazi abayidingi loo nto.
Concluzia legată de o utopie „adevărată” e că trebuie să fie una feministă, ukuthetha ngoluntu olulinganayo, apho ukubandezeleka kuzo zonke izizathu, ngakumbi ubuhlwempu, kususwa okanye kuncitshiswe kakhulu. Lunxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu olubalulekileyo, kodwa nomgangatho wabantu. Inxulumene nayo yonke le nto, Ndicinga ukuba u-Epicurus wayenyanisile. Ulonwabo luphakathi kwabantu obathandayo, abaziphethe kakuhle nabakrelekrele. Njengoko bekuya kuba njalo kwindawo yakhe?
