Njengezinye izifundo zenzululwazi, ngakumbi ukuba zinxulumene neentlobo zabantu, kwaye ikakhulu ngokuziphatha komntu, yaye imfazwe ingumthombo wezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziimfihlelo zenzululwazi. Kodwa yintoni imfazwe?? Ukubulawa okucwangcisiweyo kwamalungu ohlobo olufanayo. Kutheni kusenzeka oku??
Okokuqala, nto leyo eyavusa owona mdla mkhulu, yiyo loo nto uhlobo lwabantu lungenazo iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokuthintela ukubulala abantu abadibana nabo. Kwezinye iintlobo, ngexesha leengxabano, abantu ngabanye abasebenzisi izixhobo zabo ezibulalayo kunye namaqabane abo. Imifanekiso yoonomadudwane, oononkala, namaxhama alwayo, ukuphepha ukuhlatywa, ukusika okanye ukuhlatywa ngokufayo, baziwa kakhulu kwaye baphathwa njengemizekelo ngengqiqo yokuphepha ukusebenzisa ezona zixhobo ziyingozi zendalo kunye namalungu ohlobo lukabani..
Iimpendulo ezinokwenzeka kulo mbuzo, icatshulwe amaxesha amaninzi, kukho oonobangela abaliqela, inikwe kwizifundo ze-ethology. Eyokuqala ngumgama eziwunikwa zizixhobo, ngakumbi ezomlilo. Umgama phakathi kwabahlaseli ubenza bangaboni iimpawu ezithile zokungeniswa komchasi obuthathaka, ngokuqhelekileyo bekuya kuphelisa umlo kwezinye iintlobo. Kwabakho imipu, ngexesha labo bagxekwa kakhulu ngokukwazi kwabo ukubulala ngobuninzi. Akwaba abo bagxeki bebenokubona into efikelele kuyo ngoku, xa iimoto ezilawulwa kude, nkqu nokuzimela, sunt trimise să ucidă… Se consideră și acum, ukuba inani lamaxhoba liya kuba phezulu kakhulu, ukuba indoda yayingasabandakanyeki kwisigqibo sokudubula. Iimoto zinengqondo ngakumbi kune-psychopaths, apho amajoni aqeqeshiweyo agaywa khona. Ukuba sicinga ngokubandakanyeka koomatshini emfazweni, kuphela kwiimfazwe zehlabathi zokugqibela (Ndiyathemba ukuba zezokugqibela), sinomfanekiso wento enokwenziwa ngumgama phakathi kwabalwi. Iimoto zazisa hayi nje umgama ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa nengqondo. Iirobhothi, nokuba iqhelekile ngakumbi kuneefilim zenzululwazi, baye babonakalisa ngokwenene into abanokuyenza xa bekhokela ... iimfazwe.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu babulalana ngaphambili, nangona, ukucaphula intatheli yaseMelika, UJoseph Sobran, „bucată cu bucată”. Kodwa masikhumbule: kwelinye inqanaba. Nangona kunjalo, Ngoba? Un alt motiv important vehiculat ar fi ce se cheamă „pseudospeciație”, oko kukuthi, ukubola kwabasemzini ukusuka kumgangatho wabantu. Ukuba rhoqo abasemzini, iintshaba, ayibonakali yahluke kakhulu (ubuhlanga buzenza lula izinto!), imiba yenkcubeko idlala indima ebalulekileyo. AmaCelt yayizizilwanyana, bebelele phantsi qha, njengokuba umphathi-mkhosi waseRoma wabonisa amajoni akhe. Ngoko babenokubulawa ngaphandle kwenceba. Ngokubanzi, utshaba sisilwanyana ngenxa yenkcubeko, inkolo okanye izenzo, amasiko njl. I-Taboos idla ngokucelwa ngalo mba. Yaye olunjani lona uqheliselo olumangalisayo lwesini oluye lwenziwa kumaYuda okanye kwabantsundu! Kodwa yintoni enika umdla, kwaye benza okufanayo namaKristu/abamhlophe njl. Kuya kuba nomdla kakhulu ukwazi ukuba kutheni abafazi abamhlophe banezinja ezinkulu emehlweni abantu baseAfrika.
Esinye isizathu sokuba abantu babulale abanye abantu…. Ndithetha umphathi okanye inkokeli (ngokomoya?) aqinisekise amajoni ukuba amele alubulale utshaba. Kwaye abantu, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo, zinokufundiswa ngokulula kakhulu. Ibonisa njani imifuniselo, abantwana babhetyebhetye ngaphezu kweetshimpanzi. Xa befunda ukuvula ibhokisi ngamanyathelo aliqela, ezinye azinamsebenzi, abantwana balilandela ngokuthembeka elo siko, kuquka namanyathelo angeyomfuneko, ngoxa iimfene zazizisusa ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Abantu bafundiswa lula, kuyakholelwa, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa ye-neoteny, oko kukuthi, ukugcinwa kwezinye iimpawu ze-embryo okanye umntwana kumntu omdala. Umntu uya kufunda ixesha elide ngenxa yale neoteny. Iinkukhu ziyazamkela, bayafunda, abantu abadala abathambile kancinci. I-Neoteny yayiza kwenza abantu bazithobe, Ndingenise, eyayiza kubanceda bafunde, kodwa kube lula ukuyifundisa.
Ceva ce se discută puțin este că oamenii ucid… pentru bani. Uninzi lwabantu ababandakanyekayo ngoku emfazweni benza oko ngenxa yemali. Kwaye masingalibali, iimfazwe zizisa imali. Ngoku imikhosi emininzi yenziwe ngamajoni, amajoni ahlawulwayo, amadoda nabafazi. Ngubani owenza into enjalo ngoku?? Ukuba ujonga umkhosi wase-US, kodwa hayi kuphela, iyaziwa. Kwingxelo ngeLake Victoria, umntu wasekuhlaleni ohlwempuzeke kakhulu wabona isisombululo esinye kuphela sokusaba kubuhlwempu: imfazwe. Kaloku imfazwe ihlawulwa nalapho. Oku kubonisa indlela ebekuya kuba lula ngayo ukuphelisa iimfazwe. Kwaye inzima kangakanani, ukuba sicinga malunga nobudlelwane bezemali.
Înainte „meseria armelor” era ceva ce îmbrățișau oamenii săraci, kwiindawo ezihluphekayo, intaba, njengeAlbania kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezadlulayo, Khroweyishiya, kodwa neGrisi, kuquka neAthene yaMandulo. Emva kwamadabi amabi eMarathon naseSalamis, mhlawumbi imikhosi yamaPersi yoyisiwe, kodwa hayi ekuhambeni kwexesha. Idemokhrasi yase-Athene yathi shwaka kuba abantu abaninzi base-Athene baba ngamajoni….AmaPersi. Kunzima ukugcina indlela yokuphila, nenkqubo yombutho efanelekileyo ngelo xesha, kubuhlwempu.
Abantu babulala ngenxa yemali. Ulambile. Amawaka eminyaka ekwenzile oku yaye asakwenza. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba kwincwadi epapashwe ngexesha lobuzwilakhe bamakomanisi („Lumea hitiților” de Margarate Riemschneider) Ndifumene kwintshayelelo iyayiphikisa le nyani. Hayi, imfazwe ayizange ilwelwe ubutyebi, kodwa yayisisiganeko esisisiphumo somzabalazo weqela elilawulayo. Yiloo nto eyaxelwa kwangaphambili yiMarxism, ithathwa njengenzululwazi (kuba uMarx noEngels babefuna ukuqonda uluntu ngokwenzululwazi, phambi kokuba iingcali zebhayoloji). Kubukomanisi kwalandela, ngokwengqikelelo yengcamango kaMarxist, makungabi sabakho mfazwe. Mhlawumbi kuphela kubukomanisi, kodwa kubonakala ngathi isoshiyali yayingekakulungeli oku, bona amaTshayina namaKhambodiya, amaTshayina kunye namaSoviet. Mhlawumbi iiklasi ezilawulayo kuloo mazwe zazibekek’ ityala...
Kungokwemvelo ukubulala ummelwane? Kuyabonakala ukuba kunjalo. i-forensics, apha ndicaphula isazi ngengqondo uTudorel Butoi, bathi nabani na angabulala. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, amaxesha amaninzi ekuzikhuseleni. Nangona kusemfazweni, xa kunokwenzeka, kuyabonakala ukuba abaninzi babekuphepha ukuyenza. Kodwa asiyonyaniso ukuba ngabantu kuphela ababulalana. Iingonyama ziyayenza, iimfene zenza into efana kakhulu nemfazwe kuthi. Konrad Lorenz spune în cartea lui despre agresivitate „Așa-zisul rău” că de fapt oamenii ucid tocmai că sunt niște ființe atât de slab dotate pentru…a ucide. Abanazo iindlela zokunciphisa iziphumo kwii-congeners ngokuchanekileyo kuba abanazo izixhobo ezinokuphinda ziphindwe.. Ukutyibilika kwemvelo kwasenza saba zizaphuli-mthetho, kanye kuba sizinkawu ezibhityileyo.
Oko izalamane zethu, iimfene, nabo banako ukwenza into enjalo, bekungayi kuba yinto emangalisayo. Kodwa omnye usenokuthi iingonyama azinazixhobo zibulalayo? Ingqikelelo yam, expusă în „Civilizația foametei” este că motivul este ceea ce popular se numește putere de concentrare, oko kukuthi, ukucutheka kwentsimi yengqondo. Kufana naxa ungaboni nto ekufutshane nawe, kuphela into enomdla kuwe.
Endodeni, njengakwezinye izilwanyana, kukho izithintelo zendalo ngokuchasene nokwenzakalisa abahlanganisi, ezibonakalisa kungekuphela nje ngokubona iimpawu zokungeniswa, kodwa nangemeko enzulu umntu azifumanisa ekuyo (wonzakele). Abantu banomqobo wemvelo wokusingatha izithonga ezithile, leyo yoyiswa ngoqeqesho. Iingcali zobugcisa bokulwa ziyayazi le ngxaki kakuhle kakhulu. Abantu bafunda ukuzityeshela ezi zivuseleli. Kwabanye kulula, abanye banokungahoyi ngokulula impembelelo yendalo esingqongileyo, nokuba banempembelelo enamandla ngokweemvakalelo. Ngokuzenzekelayo, I-psychopaths iphakathi kwaba bantu. Ukunciphisa intsimi yengqondo kulula kubo. Akunjalo ngamabona-ndenzile, I-psychopaths ihlala iba ngabasebenzi, iintlola (kodwa neeCEO okanye oogqirha botyando) ngesi sizathu, pe lângă alte „calități” ale lor, njengomngcipheko wokutya. Kodwa kubonakala ngathi ayisiyiyo i-psychopaths kuphela enalo mgangatho. Isenokuba luphawu lwabantu abasukela usukelo lwexesha elide?
Iingonyama zizilwanyana ezihamba emlilweni esekisini. Yezilwanyana, ukungahoyi uloyiko lomlilo, ukufunda ukungaluhoyi olu loyiko, ngumdlalo. Kwelinye icala, iingonyama zizilwanyana ekufuneka zizingele, kumngcipheko, nabasoloko bejongene nendlala. Ukukwazi ukugxila kwi-stimuli ethile, singabahoyi abanye, bangamela inzuzo kwindawo yabo.
Phantsi kwezi meko, bekuya kuba namandla okubulala abantu ixabiso abaya kulihlawula ngenxa yezinye iimpawu zabo?
Kutheni kukho ubundlobongela kwizilwanyana? Ngokutsho kwezinye iingqikelelo ezaziwayo-kakuhle (Lorenz), indima yayo iya kuba kukulawula ukuxinana kwabantu. Izilwanyana zisasazeke kwindawo engqongileyo ngenxa okanye ziphepha ungquzulwano. Kodwa ekugqibeleni iingxaki zezibonelelo ziyingcambu yobundlobongela. Ezo zibonelelo kukutya okanye ukufikelela kumaqabane ngesondo, imalunga nezibonelelo. Kodwa njengoko benditshilo, izilwanyana zineendlela zokulawula ezi ngxabano, ilula okanye intsonkothe ngakumbi, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo. Kukho amasiko athile anciphisa ubundlobongela be-intraspecific (oko kukuthi, ubundlobongela obubonisiweyo). Ubundlobongela kukungaphumeleli kokuziphatha, isiphene kulawulo lwentsebenziswano. Ezinye iintlobo ziyakwazi ukuthamba ngokugqithisileyo ngaphakathi, nangona ezo ntlobo zingabazingeli abaphumelele kakhulu (ezinye iilekese). Ngelishwa, iiprimate ezinkulu azikho phakathi kwazo.
Iimfene zibulalana ngendlela efanayo naleyo ebesinokuthi yimfazwe, ukugcina imilinganiselo. Xa kukho ukungavisisani phakathi kweenkunzi kwiqela, xa ukuzilungisa kubonakala akwanelanga, atunci masculii pornesc într-un fel de expediții în afara grupului, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubulaweni kwamanye amadoda ngaphandle kweqela. Ubundlobongela bugqithisile, ifana kakhulu nento eyenzekayo kwimiboniso ye-lynching. Kule meko, ubundlobongela busebenza ekucinezeleni iqela lamadoda, ukomeleza ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, gcina okanye uguqule uluhlu lwemigangatho.
Sinokufumanisa ukuba le ndima inokubakho nasebantwini? Kwaye, ubungqina obaneleyo bubonisa ukuba kunjalo. Amaqela athile eenkunzi abhenela kwimikhwa efana nezamashimpanzi. Asiyomigulukudu yaselumelwaneni eziphatha njengamaqela eetshimpanzi, kodwa nezinye iinkokeli zopolitiko zisebenzisa imfazwe ukulawula imigangatho phakathi kwazo. Cartea „Capcana lui Tucidide” de Graham Allison pare extrem de transparentă în acest sens. Uthetha ngeRussia kunye neTshayina njengamaqela emigulukudu okanye amaqela eechimpanzi ekufuneka alungise ulawulo lwawo omnye komnye ngemfazwe.. Idatha yembali ibonisa ukuba ilizwe beta, ukuthetha ngolwimi lwe-ethological, ukuhlasela ilizwe alpha, ukuseka ulawulo olutsha. Ngokungathi ziipaki zezinja...
Le yimpucuko, kwiimeko apho kukho imibutho yabazingeli nabaqokeleli abalwa…izipho? Eibl-Eibesfeldt în „Agresivitatea umană” vorbește de astfel de societăți, abanye basePapua New Guinea. Bafuya iihagu ukuze bazinike abaphathi abakhuphisana nabo. Ihlazo elibi lokufumana iihagu ezininzi kunokuba unokunikela!
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, owayengumfundi kaKonrad Lorenz, uthi yonke imibutho awayifundayo yaba nemfazwe. Kodwa kukho uluntu olunenjongo yokulwa (njengeyethu) kunye noluntu olunombono wepacific. Abo banombono woxolo banezithethe ezintsonkothileyo zokulawula ukungena emfazweni kangangokuba imfazwe ibe yinto engenakwenzeka.. Phakathi koluntu olune-pacific efanelekileyo yi-Inuit. Esinye isizathu somlingiswa we-pacifist yayikukuba baya kuba baninzi, kuya kuvela kumanyano lwabemi abaninzi. Kodwa kwincwadi kaEibesfeldt, kodwa nakwabanye, nu am văzut o comparație între societățile matriliniare și cele patriliniare, njengendoda egqibeleleyo. Inuit, ubuncinci imibutho ethile, bangamatrilineal. Oko kukuthi, abafazi ilifa isikhundla kunye nobutyebi. Kuluntu lwe-matrilineal, nokuba umphathi ngumfazi, umba wemfazwe ungowamadoda. I-Kabyles i-matrilineal, kodwa uthanda imfazwe kakhulu, ngokutsho kukaLeo Frobenius (Inkcubeko yamaAfrika). Kodwa ngokubanzi, iinkcubeko mhlawumbi matrilineal, nokuba nabo bebeyazi imfazwe, mhlawumbi babenoxolo ngakumbi. Kwaye ngokukodwa, mhlawumbi abazange baphumelele kangako emfazweni. Oku kuya kuba sesona sizathu sibangela ukuba banqabile. Uninzi, njengokuba yayinjalo impucuko yaseKrete, boyiswa yimibutho yoosolusapho bamandulo, kodwa ngakumbi imfazwe.
Kukho ithemba kuthi, njengeempungutye, ukuphepha imfazwe kwixesha elizayo? Ukuba i-bonobos ilawula ukuba noxolo kakhulu enkosi kumanyano lwabasetyhini oluthintela izenzo zobundlobongela, isenokuba lithemba nakuthi. Ubuninzi bemibutho yabazingeli nabaqokeleli bemveli iya kuphinda ibe bubungqina bokuba uluntu lunokuba nobubele.. Ukwahluka kwazo, kwakunye nezisombululo abazizisayo kuquka nengxaki yemfazwe, ibonisa ukuba ibutho labantu linokuguquka ngeendlela ezininzi.
Kwiinkulungwane zakutshanje, uluntu lwasentshona luye lwancipha ubundlobongela. Ngaphandle kokunciphisa intlupheko, yokungalingani, ukwandisa izinga lemfundo, mhlawumbi nokwandisa indima yabasetyhini kuluntu, kuquka nokuthatha inxaxheba kubomi bezentlalo nezopolitiko, babenendima. Abafazi benza imfazwe kakuhle kakhulu, xa kufuneka (ngokungathi kunjalo?), njengoko imbali ibonisa. Uphando lubonisa ukuba, nokuba abazenzi iimfazwe ezininzi, basebenza kakuhle ngakumbi ekuqokeleleni imimandla. U-Elizabeth I noCatherine Omkhulu bayimizekelo ecacileyo. Kodwa abo kumkanikazi babesebenza kwiinkqubo zoosolusapho, oko kukuthi, imithetho yenziwa ngamadoda.
Ubundlobongela kuluntu bunokuncitshiswa ngokunciphisa intlalo yamadoda emveli (ukusekwa kwamaqela emigulukudu, ngoluhlu olufana nolweechimpanzi). Kodwa, njengoko imbali ibonisa, ukunciphisa ugonyamelo eluntwini akuthethi ukuba kuphetshwe iimfazwe. Imbali yakutsha nje, hayi eYurophu kuphela, ibonisa okwahlukileyo. IJapan luluntu olunoxolo kakhulu. Yaye elinjani lona igorha elabonakala lilo ngenkulungwane yama-20! Kodwa ukuba kukho i-warrior caste, apho imigaqo efanayo kunye noluhlu lwemigangatho lusebenza, izinto aziyi kutshintsha. Mhlawumbi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwezopolitiko, kungenjalo ukudala unxibelelwano olukwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye nemigangatho, inokutshintsha izinto.
