Bathi kukho ubuxoki obukhulu, encinci kunye nezibalo. Isishwankathelo sesi ntetho siya kuba kukuba kukho iintsomi ezimangalisayo, ethembekileyo kwaye…ngokwenzululwazi. Nangona ezinye iintsomi zenzululwazi zaziyothusa kwaye zothusa abantu abanengqiqo enzulu kunye neengqiqo ezininzi. Akubonakali ngathi ubuxoki obungenangqondo njengabo basebalini lesiRashiya apho umlinganiswa ahamba ebumnyameni ukuze asike ngemela eSt. Petersburg ngobusuku obumhlophe. Endaweni yoko ezinye ezibizwa ngokuba ziimbono zenzululwazi ezineziphumo ezibonakalayo (oko kukuthi, asithethi nge-quantum physics) banzima kangangoko banako ukuginya.
Indlela ushicilelo lwalungakhululekanga ngayo kwasekuqaleni, ngengqiqo yokuba wayenenxaxheba, Inkululeko ibiquka ukwenza ipolitiki yeqela. Știința modernă s-a politizat și ea curând. Kwaye amaqela atshintsha njani, iinguqu zefashoni, iiparadigms nazo zinokutshintsha kwisayensi Ngokuqinisekileyo, xa kunokwenzeka. Ijometri ye-Euclidean ayinakuba yezopolitiko, njengoko ngokubanzi umntu akanako ukwenza ipolitiki kwiinzululwazi ezisisiseko. Kodwa ngenye indlela bekukho kwaye kuninzi kakhulu indawo yokuqhuba, ethathiwe ngokwenene kwaye isasetyenziswa nangoku.
Sentimentele au avut și au încă o miză foarte mare in acest sens. Iimvakalelo ebantwini nakwizilwanyana. Ngokwenyani iimvakalelo ebantwini, „afectele” la animale. Yiloo nto endiyifundayo kwiincwadi ze-ethology ekholejini. Kuba izilwanyana azinamvakalelo, ele au „’afecte”. Kwiimviwo, kuxhomekeke kumfundisi-ntsapho, ndandixelelwa indlela yokusingatha umbandela wothando kwizilwanyana. Bekukho ezinye ezivulelekileyo okanye ezivuleleke kancinci malunga nokuba imvakalelo yezilwanyana iya kude kangakanani na. Etologul Frans de Waal, umbhali weencwadi ezininzi ezidumileyo malunga nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana, chaza imeko ngokweenkcukacha, nzima kakhulu ngexesha lobutsha bakhe, ukutyhubela iminyaka 60-70. UDe Waal wayesoloko egculelwa ngokuphikisa ngelithi izilwanyana zingaphezu kwee-automatons, cum suna paradigma oficială. Își imaginează cineva care a avut câine oameni de știință „serioși”, nokuba kuthetha ntoni na (okanye ukungakhathali, unul dintre sensuri e „distant, rece”), ethetha into enje?
Ngokwendlela yokuziphatha, ummeli wakhe odumileyo yayinguB. F. Skinner (igama lisenokuchaza uphawu losapho) izilwanyana zi-automatons eziphendula kwizinto zokusingqongileyo. Ukuba sikhumbula iimvavanyo zezinja zika-Ivan Pavlov, ithathwa njengesandulela sokuziphatha, sinokwandisa imodeli kwezinye izilwanyana zokuziphatha, kodwa nakwingqondo yomntu. Ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana (kodwa nomntu) iyakuba luhlobo lwe tabula rasa, cu puține comportamente înnăscute. Izilwanyana beziya kufunda ngayo yonke into eziyenzayo. Babeya kusabela ngokwenene kwimpembelelo yendalo. Abantu bebeya kwenza into efanayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, Liyinyaniso elokuba izilwanyana ezinobuchopho obuntsonkothileyo, njengezilwanyana ezanyisayo (kuquka indoda) neentaka, banezona ndlela zokuziphatha bazifundayo. Abantu abathethi okanye bahambe ngemilenze yomibini ngaphandle kokuba kukho umntu obafundisayo. Ngokunjalo nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo zifunda ukuzingela, neentaka zifunda ukubhabha. Kodwa kuthekani ngezo ziphathamandla ezibonakala ngathi zibonakaliswa ngokweemvakalelo kwizilwanyana? Nakanye oko kubonakala, kodwa ... ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo! Oko kukuthi, zonke iimpendulo kwimekobume ye-automata ethile eyenza kuphela into efunekayo ukuze uphile kwaye uvelise kwakhona.. Nantoni na eyenye ngeyingazange ibe…yenzululwazi.
Ubume bokuziphatha buye benza igalelo kwisifundo sokufunda, ulwimi, kodwa wazama nokucacisa indlela yokuziphatha kunye nophuhliso lolo hlobo. USimone de Beauvoir wayekholelwa ukuba ufunda ukuba ngumfazi. Ezinye iingcamango zamabhinqa namhlanje ziye zaphenjelelwa zezi ngcamango. Nangona, njengoko benditshilo, indlela yokuziphatha efundiweyo ibaluleke kakhulu ebantwini, kunzima ukumisela ukuba yintoni indalo kwaye yintoni indalo. Dar deși psihicul e influențat de mediu, inkxaso yakhe yendalo. Ukuba uluntu lukwenza ube ngumfazi, kunye nesini, oko kukuthi, ushicilelo lwenkcubeko olunxulunyaniswa nesondo lubhala ngaphezulu kwebhayoloji, ke sinokuzisola kuphela ukuba inzala yamadoda kaKumkanikazi uVictoria, kuquka iNkosana uAlexei, unyana wenkosi yokugqibela, babengadluli. Yiloo ndlela ebeya kuyiphelisa ngayo i-hemophilia, isifo esithile samadoda. Kwaye mhlawumbi imbali yayiza kubonisa ngenye indlela.
Mhlawumbi amaziko okufundisa kwakhona amakomanisi, kuquka nezo zazikwiintolongo apho amabanjwa ezobupolitika aphelela khona, abazange baphenjelelwe ziingcamango zokuziphatha? Yiyiphi enye indlela umntu anokuyicinga ngayo into yokuba umntu oneenkolelo ezicacileyo neziqinileyo unokutshintshwa abe yenye into ngokugcinwa ngolo hlobo kwiintolongo zamakomanisi?? Indoda entsha efunwa nguCeaușescu, kodwa nangePol Pot, yayiza kuvela ngohlobo olufanayo loqeqesho.
Ukuziphatha, umseki wakhe uthathwa njengoJohn B. Watson, nangona abanye credit Edward Thorndike ngalo mgangatho, eneneni yintshukumo ekwakufuneka yenzeke, ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, kunye nokuncipha kwengqondo ye-introspective, kodwa nangeendlela ezintsha zoluntu. Iphefumlelwe, phakathi kwabanye nguFreud, UWatson uzama ukuguqula ingqondo ibe yinzululwazi. I-Behaviorism yaziboleka njengengcamango yenzululwazi, ilabhoratri. Kuphela izicatshulwa zesayensi, oko kukuthi, yenza lula. Yiyo loo nto ukwenza isayensi kungelula ncam. Kwaye ngakumbi ukuba uyakwenza, kufuneka uyazi ukuba iya kude kangakanani. Ukhupha izinto ezenzeka ebomini kwaye uzifunde elabhoratri, awuchazi ubomi nje ngento oyifumana elebhu. Kwaye kwisibingelelo sento ebizwa ngokuba yisayensi, uthando lwaluyinto eyanikelwa. Njengoko yayisele iphelelwe lixesha umbono we-body-spirit dualism, Iimvakalelo, ngokwesiko ezinxulumene nomoya, yayisiba lilize (nendala).
Freud, onegalelo lakhe kule mythology asinakulikhanyela, kucingelwa ukuba ukuncamathela komntwana omncinane kumama kunxulumene ngokusulungekileyo nomthombo wokutya. Iingcamango zolu hlobo zalawula isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yokugqibela (lulo naluphi na unxulumano abantwana abaye baphuma kulo kolu hlobo lwemfundo?). Ukubekwa bodwa kwabantwana abancinci ezibhedlele nakumakhaya eenkedama yayiyinto engakhathali mntu, okuphikisanayo. UWatson wayelugqala uthando njengento engabalulekanga nengaqhelekanga, ukuba ingqalelo egqithisileyo enikelwa emntwaneni iyamosha, kumenza abe buthathaka kwaye onakaliswe. Kaninzi, phakathi kweengcebiso zokukhulisa abantwana bancome ukuba, ukuphepha uphuhliso lokuncamathela, ukujikeleziswa kwabongikazi okanye abancedisi. UJonathan Haidt ubalisa kwi-"The Hypothesis of Happiness" malunga noloyiko awayenalo utata wakhe xa wayeyedwa esibhedlele., ebuntwaneni. Njengakwimizi yeenkedama yaseRomania ngexesha lobuzwilakhe beLeninist, Ndingadibanisa.
Ukuba imalunga nokutya kuphela, ke ibhotile yayanele ukunika intuthuzelo noxolo kusana. De ce ar mai fi avut nevoie puiul de om… de alți oameni? Njengoko kubonakala kungaqhelekanga, abanye baye bavavanya le ngcamango. Ngethamsanqa, lo mfuniselo ngokwenene waqhekeka ukuziphatha. Ngelinge lokudala ifama ye-macaque yezifundo zaselabhoratri, UHarry Harlow waphawula ukuba amantshontsho ayedwa ekuzalweni, ngokweendlela zexesha lokukhulisa abantwana, abazange basinde. Kwaye ukuba benzile babeneengxaki ezinzulu zokuziphatha. Wazama ukulungisa ingxaki ngovavanyo (ngokwenene ngaphezu kweminyaka 50-60). Amantshontsho e-rhesus macaque mhlawumbi ayekhathazekile kuba ayengenayo into encamathelelayo ukubanika ukutya.. Emva koko waxhoma iimodeli zeenkawu ngocingo kwiindlwana zeenkukhu, ukunyuka, ebeqhoboshele ibhotile kuyo. Ingxaki ayikasonjululwa. Emva koko wacinga ukuba inokuba lelinye ikhonkco. Kwaye ukongezelela kumama wocingo kunye nebhotile yomntwana, wazisa nomama welaphu. Amantshontsho ayekhetha umama welaphu, ababechitha ixesha elininzi kunye nabo. Bebesolula isandla bethatha ibhotile kulo mama ohlohlwayo. Eyona nto yayiphambili yayikukuba amantshontsho ayefuna ukuchukunyiswa, kwaye isincamathelisi sasiyeyokuchukumisa, hayi ukutya. Yintoni efunyenweyo, Bendizotsho ngoku! Ibiya kuba sisingxengxezo sokuba ngelo xesha abantu babengazi kakhulu ngezinye iiprimates, abazange babukele iimuvi zeprimate kumabonwakude. Jane Goodall nu făcuse celebrele studii pe cimpanzei. Iiprimate ziyathuthuzelana ngokubambana ngesandla. Ikwahamba phakathi kweentlobo zeprimate, njengaphakathi kweetshimpanzi kunye nabantu, kodwa naphakathi kweetshimpanzi neemfene umzekelo. Goodall descrie multe situații de genul în cartea ei „În umbra omului”. Ukuba sicinga ngayo, yintoni esiyenzayo xa sibethe umntu ngebhaskithi evenkileni?
Ukuwa kokuziphatha, inxalenye ngokusebenzisa imifuniselo Harlow kaThixo, inxalenye ngokusebenzisa ezinye iilingelo kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kweemvakalelo kwizilwanyana, kodwa nakubantu? Xa sisekholejini sasixelelwa kakhulu malunga neplush versus mother wire, kodwa kubonakala ngathi la mava ayenganelanga. Ngokuphathelele izilwanyana, Nangona. UFrans de Waal ukholelwa ukuba ezininzi iifilimu zezilwanyana, yenziwe ngabantu abaninzi, zikhutshelwe kwiintanethi zentlalo, baye baqinisekisa ngakumbi abaphandi ukuba izilwanyana zinayo le meko. Mhlawumbi ukungagwetyelwa ligama elifanelekileyo. Cel puțin i-a făcut să înceteze să mai susțină ceva care s-ar putea caracteriza ca jumătate antropocentrism, jumătate cult al psihopaților și al mașinilor. Esi simo sengqondo sasinjalo ngelo xesha, kwaye kusenjalo, luncedo. Uluntu lwezoshishino, eyayifumene amandla ngexesha likaFreud nangaphambi kwakhe, ibifuna iicasts ezilula ukuzilungisa. Iimvakalelo zaziyinto eyenzakalisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Umphathi ucinga ngawe, kodwa ukuba kunokwenzeka, kufuneka abe novelwano ngawe. Okanye kungcono ukuba ungayenzi. Asazi ukuba iipesenti ze-psychopaths kwizikhundla eziphezulu zaziyintoni ngoko, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20, nangona imbali inika imikhondo. Ngoku izinto zicaca ngakumbi, ixhaswa zizifundo, care sugerează că psihopatia (ukuswela iimvakalelo zokuziphatha novelwano) iya kuba ngumgangatho wee-CEO ezininzi, oogqirha botyando okanye abanye abantu abanempembelelo. Unxibelelwano olungenabuntu alufuni iimvakalelo, kodwa ifuna ukuphathwa. Ngokuchanekileyo yintoni i-psychopaths enokunika yona.
Kodwa ukwamkelwa kweemvakalelo ebantwini kwaba nekamva elilunge ngakumbi? Kuyabonakala ukuba akunjalo. Uvavanyo lukaHarlow ngeenkawu ezilusana lwaphefumlela abanye abaphandi, owakugxekayo ukubekelwa bucala kwabantwana. Omnye waba nguJohn Bawlby, owafumanisa ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 ukuba uphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwabanye abantwana luxhomekeke kubuchule bokudala ubudlelwane obuncamathelayo nomntu omnye., ngokuqhelekileyo omnye wabazali. UMary Ainsworth, umncedisi wakhe, owafunda eAfrika, apho abantwana ngandlel’ ithile bakhuliswa luluntu, waqhubeka. Nangona eAfrika, njengoko besitsho, ilali yonke inegalelo ekukhuleni komntwana, yahlula (mhlawumbi kunzima) umntu oyeyona nto iphambili yokuncamathela. Loo mntu udla ngokuba ngumama wosana. Apha kulapho ithiyori yokuncamathela ivela khona (ixesha liqulunqwe nguBawlby). iziphumo, njengoko besitsho, inokuba sisuka echibini siye emthonjeni. Abantwana abasakheswa, kodwa ngandlel' ithile ihlobene nomama, ukuphuhlisa uncamathiselo olufanelekileyo. Njengoko isazi ngengqondo uJohn Rosemund esitsho, ngoku abafazi batshintshile inkosi yabo ukusuka kumyeni ukuya emntwaneni, basanxibe icorset.
Izigxeko zethiyori yokuncamathela kulula ukuyibeka. Kulungile, makhe sicinge apho iqale khona. Oko kukuthi, kwiimvavanyo zikaHarlow. Ewe, kubonakala ngathi sisilwanyana esixutyiweyo, nu neapărat propria mamă, yaphucula imeko affective yeenkawu usana. Ngokuphathelele iAfrika, apho abantwana bakhuliswa lilali, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emibini baphantse bangaze bakhululwe ngabantu abadala, ukuba kuphawulwe incopho yokuncamathela, nangona kunjalo akukho kushiyeka. Kodwa ukukhululeka okukhulu kwabasetyhini kuyalonakalisa uluntu kunye namalungelo abanye. Ngoko umqobo omtsha kwinkululeko yamabhinqa wamkelekile. Phofu, abafazi bomthonyama kwiinkcubeko ezingezizo ezaseNtshona bayamangaliswa bubukhoboka obungaqhelekanga amabhinqa aseNtshona, izibophelelo ezingapheliyo oomama abanazo apha.
Ngaba abantwana abakhuliswe ngobudlelwane obubodwa bangcono kunabanye? Makhe sicinge, cum spune Ioana Petra în „7000 Years of Patriarchy” cum au fost crescuți cei care au creat iluminismul și umanismul francez. Abantwana abahloniphekileyo (kodwa hayi kuphela) emva koko bakhuliswa ngama nannies asuka elizweni, hayi ngoonina. Ulwazi ngoko kwenzekayo kubantwana abangakhuliswanga ngabantu nalo lususela ngelo xesha, așa-zișii „copiii sălbatici”.
Esona sicelo sinamandla sethiyori yokuncamathela kukubandakanyeka kokuncamathela (yodidi loncamathiselo) kubudlelwane bothando. Ewe, nantso into yobudlelwane bothando malunga, mayingabi malunga nokuncamathela. Kuphela, UTHETHA. Kulungile, ukuba ayithethi ngemitshato ecwangcisiweyo, apho bekuya kuba luncedo ngokwenene. Kodwa abantu bayawubaleka umbono wokuba ziibhulorho zokuncamathisela. Ekugqibeleni unogada naye uzibophelela kwibanjwa emva kwexeshana. Kodwa ukuba awukho Borcea, awufuni ubudlelwane benziwe ngolu hlobo. Ukuncamathela bekungayi kuba nandawo kubudlelwane obunelungelo, ngokukodwa, subjective kakhulu ngokwenkcazo. Okanye hayi?
Ukukhanyela indalo, uhlobo kunye nokubaluleka kwemeko ebantwini nakwizilwanyana kuqhubeka ngezinye iindlela. Cartea lui Antonie Damasio „Eroarea lui Descartes” arată cât de handicapantă e pierderea afecțiunii cu păstrarea intactă a funcțiilor cognitive. Ngaphandle komsa asisebenzi ngakumbi, okuphikisanayo. Isizathu esicacileyo asikho. Kaninzi, izifundo ezitsha kwababizwa ngokuba ngabantu abanesiphiwo (ubuncinane bokuyila) arată că ei sunt de fapt plini de emoții, cum arată Jeanne Siaud-Facchin în „Prea inteligent ca să fi fericit?”. Iziphumo ezintsha zibonisa ukuba i-autism, nayo (ubuncinci iifom ezisebenzayo) iya kudibaniswa neemvakalelo ezinkulu, ezithintela ngempumelelo.
Omnye umntu wayezibuza ukuba singanxibelelana njani nenye impucuko, ukuba asinxibelelani nezilwanyana zesijikelezi-langa sethu. Ndingaphendula ndithi bekuya kuba yinto engaqhelekanga ukunxibelelana nezilwanyana zasemzini njengoko sinxibelelana nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo, umzekelo ngezinja. Nokuba asiyazi i-ethology, kukho ulwimi lwendalo yonke lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo: UMNTWANA. Ukuba sijonga indlela inja edlala ngayo nentaka sibona indlela izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinxibelelana ngayo. Uyazibuza ukuba le ntaka ayiziqondi njani ezinye izenzo zenja. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zizidalwa ezinolutsha olungenakuzinceda, ababenyanyekelwa baze bakhuselwe ngoxa babebancinane. Mhlawumbi ubukrelekrele babo obuphezulu bunxulumene novakalelo lwabo. Baye baba krelekrele kuba ookhokho babo babeneemvakalelo ezinzulu. Mhlawumbi konke okulungileyo kwibutho labantu, adică sentimentele morale și instituțiile derivate de aici provin din ceea cer putea numi „instinct de protejare a puilor”, oko kukuthi, kwabangenakuzenzela nto, ekhoyo kuzo zombini izini (v. „Civilizația foametei/ o altă abordare a umanizări”). Kodwa ibutho labantu elisekelwe kunyanzeliso nakwisoyikiso samandla, isiphumo segunya, akanakuvuma.
