Phakathi kwezinto ezinkulu zaseNtshona, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo yile nto siyibiza ngokuba "yinzululwazi yasentshona". Lolo hlobo lolwazi lwenza ukuba iNguqu yezoShishino ibe nokwenzeka. Kodwa ngaphambi kwesayensi yaseNtshona, emva koko ihambelana nayo, kwakukho kwaye kukho ulwazi kuyo yonke intlalo yoluntu. Ukujongwa rhoqo kwizinto zendalo (kunye noluntu) luphawu lwengqondo yomntu. Onke amaqela abantu anenkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo (nangokomoya), în care se reflectă această cunoaștere. Kwaye yintoni ebizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko, adică tezaurul cunoștințelor, ukuba sisiseko sezinto zakudala okanye iinkqubo ezithile zokufumana ukutya, iindlela zokuzikhusela, njl njl. zikwakho nakwizilwanyana. Njenge-parenthesis, există și ceea ce s-ar numi proto-limbaj, oko kukuthi, inkqubo yesandi okanye iimpawu ezingasemva ezidlulisa imiyalezo. Kwaye njengalo naluphi na uhlobo lwenkcubeko, olu lwazi lusasazwa ... ngokwenkcubeko.
Ukufumana indlela yokuloba iintubi, yenziwe yimfenekazi (ngokuchasene nocalucalulo oluqhelekileyo, ekwangena nakwiingoma zebhendi ezifanaIteksi, abafazi, ingakumbi abancinci, bakholisa ukwenza izinto ezibhaqiweyo okanye eziqanjiweyo kwiiprimate ngokubanzi, hayi iitshimpanzi kuphela), ilungiselelwe liqela lonke, ofunda iteknoloji, kwaye ukuba uxhatshazo lwayo luhlala lunokwenzeka ngokwendalo, oko kukuthi, iqela lihlala kuloo ndawo okanye elinye lineemeko ezifanayo, Ndiphinde ndiyidlulisele ebantwaneni. Kukho laa mzekelo udumileyo weemacaque zaseJapan ezazifunde ukuhlamba ibhatata ngaphambi kokuba zizitye, ngoko, ukuba tastier, ukuba zihlanjwe elwandle.
Kodwa yintoni eyenza into ebizwa ngokuba yinzululwazi yaseNtshona ibe yokhethekileyo? Phakathi kwabanye ababhali, USandra Harding wangenaNgaba iNzululwazi ineenkcubeko ezininzi? I-postcolonialisms, Ubufazi, kunye ne-Epistemologies, iphucula ubunzulu bolwazi lwenzululwazi. Kwincwadi yakhe kuphuma ingcamango yokuba ukuchana kwenzululwazi yaseNtshona kuya kuba yinto eya kuguqulela ekunyolukeleni ulwazi, ukufumana zonke iintlobo zolwazi, ngakumbi abo bangamathanga. Imizi yogcino zilwanyana kunye nezitiya zezityalo zasekwa ukuze kufunyanwe kwaye kusetyenziswe iintlobo ezintsha zezilwanyana nezityalo. Okuhlekisayo kukuba ubani usenokuzibuza enoba kwakuyimfuneko kusini na imizi yogcino-zilwanyana yabantu. Abantu beendawo eziphantsi kwamathanga bathatyathwa ngenkani, ukumelana nemiba ethile yemozulu, kodwa kwakhona… ngolwazi lwabo malunga nokulinywa kommoba, umzekelo. ikhoboka, ngoku njengakwiAntiquity, yayingengomsebenzi wezandla kuphela, kodwa kwanomntu owufanelekelayo umsebenzi awayeza kuwenza. Ngamanye amaxesha unezakhono eziphezulu…
Kodwa ukuxhaphazwa ngokwembono yolwazi lwamakholoni akuphelelanga apho. Naluphi na ulwazi olwalunokusetyenziswa lwafunyanwa. Kwaye zingaphi izinto ezenziweyo kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo ezivela eMpuma nangaphaya! Ukukhankanya kuphela ukufunyaniswa kwezonyango, njengezitofu zokugonya, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane (!), tratamentul malariei… Multe lucruri banale, ukuba sifunde esikolweni okanye ekholejini, basuka kwiinkcubeko ezikude. Kwi-Indiya yakudala kwakukho ingcali yolwimi edumileyo, Panini (între secolele VI și IV î.e.n.). ebesithini? Yinto eqhelekileyo kwiingcali zolwimi njengenkqubo yokugqibela eneempawu ezihambelana nayo, nayo evela eIndiya, nangona kumlambo wamaSilamsi, ngaphambi kobukhosi bamathanga aseYurophu.
Xa kufikwa kwisayensi, Abantu baseYurophu babengenabuhlanga kwaphela, iintlanga "eziphantsi" kunye neenkcubeko, ngenye indlela efuna ukhokelo olunengqiqo lwenkcubeko ephezulu, zaziselungile ngokwaneleyo ukucombulula iingxaki ngaphandle kwesicombululo eNtshona. Inzululwazi yaseNtshona iyafumba, ngokungenamkhethe kwaye uloyiso lwakhe lwenziwa kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso. Ngoba? Mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba uninzi lwayo lwalulamlwa ngabantu ababengezozifundiswa, kodwa ukuhamba, abarhwebi, abalawuli, oonozakuzaku, emkhosini, abantu abanomdla nabanomdla, ulangazelela ubutyebi nodumo.
Kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi kwakukho inkuthazo, eyezoqoqosho. Ulwazi lwalusenza imali ngeeapps zakhe. Ulwazi lwalunentsingiselo yezinto eziphathekayo, hayi ngokomoya. Enyanisweni, oku kunokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Știința a devenit occidentală după ce a suferit o mutație importantă: ukhululwe elunqulweni, zokomoya, nakwihlabathi leengcamango zikaPlato. Incwadi yokuqala yebhayoloji egqalwa yanamhlanje izisa iinkcazelo ezingezizo zobuntu zezilwanyana, ngaphandle kohlobo lwentsomi oluqhelekileyo lwezifundo zokuziphatha zemisebenzi yangaphambili. Izilwanyana zine-morphology kunye ne-physiology, hayi iimpawu zobuntu.
Inzululwazi yanamhlanje ithathwa njengeqala ngoGalileo. Sinokuqikelela ukuba iCawa yachatshazelwa kangako ziimbono zakhe kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba ziphikisana nenzululwazi yeCawa esemthethweni, kodwa uGalileo nezinye izazinzulu zelo xesha eneneni babeza nohlobo olwahlukileyo lwenzululwazi, sikhululwe lukholo, hayi nje ubuKristu, kodwa walo naluphi na uhlobo lokholo.
Yayiyinto entsha, hayi eYurophu kuphela. Inqwelo-moya kaGalileo yayiyinqwelo-moya etyekeleyo, ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na enye intsingiselo. Akukho nto igqwesileyo kuloo mithetho! Ukuba umxokelelwane wobungcwele wawunokwaphuka, kwaye apha ayibhekiseli kuphela kwiimbono ezimxinwa zenkolo yobuKristu, ulwazi lunokudubula, ukunika amathuba amaninzi, njengomdlalo. Ulwazi, kanye kuba ixabisekile, kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, inxulumene namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, nto leyo inika umanyano lwenkcubeko ngaphaya koko sikubiza ngokuba yimithetho yendalo. Ii-Eskimos zinetekhnoloji esebenza ngokugqibeleleyo yokwakha igloo, kodwa imimoya idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimiyalelo yokwakha. Kwinkcubeko apho ulwazi ludityaniswa nengcwele, awukwazi ukwenza onke amava, awukwazi ukuhlola yonke into, nokuba akukho gunya leCawa kunye nokuncinwa kwayo. Nangona inzululwazi ibisoloko inxulunyaniswa nefilosofi, uqhagamshelo oluninzi kunye nemetafiziksi ngokulinganayo luyayinciphisa. Masingakulibali ukufihlwa kwe-dodecahedron njengemilo egqibeleleyo, ebengafanele ukubakho, ngokutsho kwamaGrike amandulo!
Yaba yinto evuyisayo ukuba inzululwazi yanamhlanje yaqalisa ngokunyanisekileyo ngobuchwephesha, eyadala imodeli yezinye iinzululwazi ngokunjalo. Ihlabathi laliyinkqubo ekwakufuneka iqondwe. Ukuwohloka kweCawa kwanceda. Icawa, iitempile zazilawulwa kulwazi olubalulekileyo, ezifana nezo zinxulumene ne-astronomy. KumaBhabhiloni, Abantu baseTshayina, kuma-Aztec, ukuhamba kweenkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni yayingumsebenzi wababingeleli abaqalwayo.
Kodwa kwiinkulungwane zakutshanje, ukukhululwa kweenzululwazi ezingcwele kwakungafani. Ibhayoloji, kulawulwa ngababingeleli (kuquka uCharles Darwin wayenoqeqesho lwezakwalizwi), wazikhulula elunqulweni ngobunzima obukhulu. Nangona kwakukho abantu abaninzi abangakholelwa kuThixo, kunye neengcamango zendaleko zavela kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba incwadi kaDarwin ethi "On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, okanye ukuLondolozwa kweentlanga ezithandwayo kuMzabalazo woBukho" (kuquka noyisemkhulu, Erasmus Darwin, wavuma ukuba izinto zazivelela), uloyiko olunxulumene nokuhlaselwa okunokwenzeka kwabakhuthazi bendalo, imfundiso esemthethweni ngelo xesha, yabangela ukuba uDarwin alibazise ukupapashwa kwale ncwadi. Kubonakala kungaqhelekanga ukuba ibhayoloji kufuneka ihlale ixhomekeke kumandla angaphezu kwendalo.
Kungaxoxwa ukuba bekukho ulwazi oluncinci, ukuba kwakunzima ukufumana iparadigm. Kodwa kwakukho iingcamango ezithandwayo ezinomdla ngakumbi kunye nezinomtsalane ngakumbi wendalo. Umzekelo, ideea generației spontane, nangona fake, kubhekiselwa ekuveleni kobomi phantsi kweemeko ezithile zendalo. Obu bomi kwafuneka buguquke, kwakhona ngokombono odumileyo, icwangciswe nguLamarck. Kwaye u, Ngoku ndinolwazi kakhulu ngebhayoloji, kodwa indalo ayizange imke, okuphikisanayo. Kutheni kusenzeka oku?? Abantu abanelisekanga yingcamango yendaleko ngokukhetha? Singavuma, njengoko kwenzekayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukuba abanye bayayigatya indaleko ngokukhetha, kodwa indaleko iyinto eyayisamkelwa ngabantu abaninzi ngelo xesha. Kwaye ngoku kubonakala kumangalisa ngakumbi ukungamkeli.
Dar cum „evoluează” știința în general? UThomas Kuhn kwi "Structure of Scientific Revolutions" ibonisa indlela iiparadigms zesayensi zitshintsha ngayo. Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha, iziphumo zovavanyo kunye nemigqaliselo, ikhokelela ekudalweni kweparadigm. Imifuniselo emitsha yenziwa ngokusekwe kuqikelelo lwakhe, ezinye zazo ezibhidanisa i-paradigm endala. Emva koko kuvela ingxaki, kwaye emva kwethuba, enye iparadigm, iyakwazi ukuchaza idatha entsha, ithatha indawo endala. UKuhn waseka le modeli ngokusekwe kwizifundo zembali zezinye iimbono zenzululwazi.
Kodwa ngaba oko kwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha?? Imbali yezinto eziqanjiweyo ibonisa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwazo kuxhomekeke ekufikeleleni kwizibonelelo, oko kukuthi inkunzi. Injini kaJames Watt yayinokhuphiswano olunamandla ngakumbi, kodwa engazange ixhamle kwinkxaso-mali efunekayo. Ujongo olusondeleyo kwizinto ezifunyaniswe yinzululwazi, yokunyanzelisa ezinye iingcamango, isikhokelela kwisigqibo esifanayo. Inkxaso yentlalontle, kungekhona nje izinto eziphathekayo, ibalulekile. Cinga ngokufunyaniswa okufanayo okwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo okanye ngabaphandi abohlukeneyo. Ngaba besiya kwazi malunga noAlfred Wallace namhlanje?, owafika ngokuzimeleyo kumbono wokhetho lwendalo kwindaleko, ukuba uDarwin wayengazange abe yindoda? Imithetho kaMendel, uyise wemfuzo, zipapashwa kumathala eencwadi, kuquka nekaDarwin, amashumi eminyaka. Ukufunyanwa kwakhona kwabo okuzimeleyo, ngabaphandi abaliqela, au dus la redescoperirea lui… Mendel.
Inzululwazi yinto yentlalontle. Ihlabathi lenzululwazi aliyiyo le nto libonakala livela ngaphandle, kodwa iqela labantu. Kwaye imithetho yezoqoqosho nezentlalo ibonakala ichaza impumelelo yezinye iingcamango, izinto ezifunyenweyo, ithiyori njl. Nangona ngokuchanekileyo uqoqosho kunye nesosiyoloji azijongwa njengesayensi ngokwendlela yemigaqo esekwe nguKarl Popper.. Xa inyaniso ingabonakali, kulula kumntu wonke ukujonga, ezo zinto zoqoqosho ziyangenelela, ezentlalo ingakumbi ezopolitiko.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphaya kwezopolitiko, inzululwazi inezinye iingxaki. Sinokuqiniseka ukuba inyaniso iya koyisa ekugqibeleni? Sinokuqiniseka ukuba ubuncinane ezinye iingcamango zokulondoloza aziyi kungcwatywa ngonaphakade?
Kwiziqendu ezilandelayo siza kuveza iinyani zembali yenzululwazi ezibonakala zingqina into eyahlukileyo.
