Noma ngabe kuthiwani manje mayelana nama-transhumanists, abantu abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwabo kwebhayoloji, ezinganqunyelwe yilokho okulotshwe ezakhini zofuzo zabo, kuhlanganise mayelana nohlelo lokuguga okungenzeka, lolu hlobo lwabantu kade lwaba khona kusukela…kwempucuko. Mhlawumbe nangaphambili. Angazi ukuthi kunjani emasikweni ahlukene kakhulu, njengaseChina, Ngokwesibonelo, kodwa endaweni yethu yomhlabaI-Epic kaGilgamesh kuwubufakazi balesi sifiso, lokuvukela ukufa. Enkathini lapho ukufa kungafika ngezindlela eziningi, futhi abantu abambalwa kunamanje abangaguga, ukwesaba ukufa kwakubangelwa ukwesaba ukuguga. Ukuguga kwakuyisigwebo esiqinisekile... sokufa. Nakuba babekhuluma ngabantu ababephila noma ababesaphila isikhathi eside ngendlela engavamile. KuI-Epic kaGilgamesh kukhulunywa ngesixazululo, okuyinto uGilgamesh ayitholayo, kodwa uyehluleka ukukusebenzisa. Kwadingeka angalali izinsuku eziningi. Angazi ukuthi ukuntula ubuthongo kufanekiselani, ukuthi zonke izindaba zakudala zinencazelo okunzima ukuthi siyiqonde, ikakhulukazi njengoba behlobene nabantu abadala, mhlawumbe evela kwamanye amasiko. Kodwa uma ukuntuleka kokulala kusho ukungaphazamisi izinqubo ezithile zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ungabavumeli bayeke, Ngithanda ukukholelwa ukuthi intuition yabantu basendulo yayingelona iphutha. Futhi iBhayibheli lithi abantu bayofunda ukuphila phakade. Bazofunda, ikakhulukazi njengoba zahlelwa kanjalo. Ukuguga nokufa kwakuyizijeziso zaphezulu.
Isayensi yezinto eziphilayo yanamuhla ifakazela ukuthi zilungile. Amagciwane awagugi futhi ngokwethiyori… awafi. Impela, ingacekelwa phansi yizici zemvelo, kusukela kushukela olula noma otshwaleni kuya emisebeni engasishisi ngisho nokusigcoba. Kodwa ezimeni ezinhle baphila phakade. Bayanda, iqiniso. Ngoba kubo, ukuphila akuhlukaniswa nokuzala. Baphindaphinda i-genome yakho futhi bakopishe (cishe) lonke i-genome njalo. Ngisho ukuthi, ngenza konke engikwaziyo ubusuku nemini, futhi lapho kudingeka, funda izinto ezintsha futhi, lapho-ke babelana nazo zonke izihlobo zabo nabangane abaseduze. Okusho ukuthi, ukumelana nama-antibiotic, ukugaya zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziyinqaba, njll.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani ngenjabulo emhlabeni wethu owawuyipharadesi labo, ngolunye usuku baqala ukuvela. Kukhona okwenzekile. Kwavela izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, eyayinezakhi zofuzo ezifakwe kuma-capsules e-intracellular, engantanti esitokisini, futhi iseli lalinamagumbi amaningana, lapho ukusabela okukhethekile kwenzeka khona, njengalezo zokukhiqiza amandla eselula. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izindlela okwenzeka ngazo lokhu (ukuthi kunemibono eminingana, amanye ama-symbiose angase ahileleke, ngokusho kwabanye) okwazuzwa ekuqaleni kwaba ukonga kwamandla. Yayingekho indawo yakho konke ukusabela. Ukuguga kwase kuqalile manje? Kunzima ukusho uma ngendlela esiyaziyo. Isikhathi esithile sesidlulile, kwavela izinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kulokhu ngamaseli akhethekile, hhayi nje izingxenye zamaselula. Kodwa ukuguga kwakungaqinisekile. Kodwa ngolunye usuku, esikhathini esithile esidlule 650 izigidi zeminyaka, ukuqhuma kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane, ezinye ezikhona namanje, kuvele. Futhi yebo, abanye baqala ukuguga, nakuba kunzima kakhulu ngathi ukukuqaphela lokhu.
Ukwazi ukuthi uhlobo oluthile luyaguga, sinemibandela emibili, yakhiwe nguFinch no-Austad: ukwandisa ukufa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokuncipha kokuzala, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngixoxe ngohlangothi olubuthakathaka lwalezi zindlela encwadini yamiIzixhumanisi ezingekho ekugugeni, phakathi kwabanye. Izinga lokufa alinyuki kancane kancane ngokuya ngeminyaka nakubantu. Kuyinani eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu ebusheni, kanye nesilinganiso esincane phakathi 25 futhi 35 umnyaka owodwa. Impela, kuya ngezimo zemvelo. Elinye inani eliphakeme lokufa, ikakhulukazi esikhathini esedlule, kwakungunyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, sibheka ukuzala njengomqhele wokuphila. Impela, ukube ukuzala bekungenjalo, bekungeke kutshelwe. Okusho ukuthi, ngeke kusaba khona ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguga, kodwa hhayi kuphela. Nokho, izinto eziphilayo zivame ukudela ukuzala ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Umkhawulo wekhalori, eyaziwa ngokushintsha ubude bempilo ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zofuzo, kuthinta inzalo. Futhi eziningi eziphilayo (uma kubhekwa uthando lukankulunkulu ngamaphela) baphila ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwabo njengezibungu, hhayi njengabantu abadala abanekhono lokuzala, mhlawumbe umbandela wokuzala kufanele ubhekwe ngokucophelela. Nakuba ngingasho ebufakazini bokuthi ngisho nokuzala kwezilwane ezindala kungathuthukiswa ngokwelashwa okuthile okunweba ukuphila., okungenani uma bengamagundane.
Kungaba yini ukuguga? Kungajabulisa ukwazi ukuthi abantu babecabangani ezikhathini zasendulo, mhlawumbe labo abavela emasikweni akude. Kwakukhona nezinkolelo ezintsha nokuhlola okungavumelani, kodwa okwaba ukwehluleka ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi lwesibambiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufakelwa kwezindlala ezilwaneni kwaba kanye, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, emfashinini. Izitho ezitshalwe kabusha kuphela ezaziwohloka, kulula kakhulu ukuqagela izizathu... manje. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi endaweni ethile eduze nathi, yini iSlovakia manje, isicukuthwane saseHungary sivela ezikhulu zaseTransylvania, elulekwa umthakathi, wayekholelwa ukuthi uma egeza ngegazi lezintombi uzobubuyisa ubusha bakhe. "Ukuhlola", ubuqiniso bakhe esingeke sifunge kubo, ngabe kuholele ebugebengwini obuningi i-substrate yabo yangempela (mhlawumbe nepolitiki) asimazi. Imiphumela ibingeke ivele. Kodwa noma kungekho lutho oluyiqiniso kuyo yonke indaba (kungacishe kwenzeke), i-hypothesis ihlala, mhlawumbe ethandwa, okubonakala kuyiqiniso. Igazi elivela ezilwaneni ezisencane linemiphumela emihle ezilwaneni ezindala. Okungukuthi, kunciphisa ukuguga. Okuphambene kuyiqiniso? Ngokusobala kunjalo. Ukuhlolwa kwalolu hlobo kusanda kwenzeka, kodwa wayenalombono 150 umnyaka owodwa. Nokho, bekuyi-marginal.
I-hypothesis ebalulekile, owenza umsebenzi omkhulu womlando, yileyo yama-free radicals. Konke kwaqala nge-radioactivity, ukutholakala okukhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, okwakubonisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izinto ezaziwa nge-physics, njengoba kwakukholelwa. Lesi senzo somzimba esisanda kutholwa sasizoba nemiphumela eminingi yokwelapha. UPierre Curie wayejabule kakhulu, futhi wazihlola. Yikona okwamqeda ngempela. Lapho inqola ethwele iklabishi imshayisa, kakade wayesebuthakathaka ngokwedlulele ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Isimo sakhe esibucayi samlahla ngecala. I-Radioactivity isungule yona ekwelapheni umdlavuza. Mhlawumbe ngabe kungcono ukube lokhu akwenzekanga.
Kodwa okunye ukutholakala, kulokhu kusukela kubhayoloji, kwasiza ukusungula le nkolelo-mbono. U-Evelyn Fox Keller uyakhulumaIzimfihlo zempilo, izimfihlo zokufa mayelana nokuphishekela udumo kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo, ababefuna ukwenza insimu yabo ibe into eqondile nebalulekile njengefiziksi. Kwabe sekutholakala ukwakheka kwe-DNA enemicu ekabili (ebizwa ngokuthi "i-molecule yokuphila"), babe nomthelela ababewufuna. U-Watson noCrick batuswa ngalokhu kutholwa, nakuba iqiniso lokuthi babheka isithombe se-X-ray diffraction, etholwe nguRosalind Franklin (empeleni ngumfundi wakhe), kwaba nesinqumo sokuqonda isakhiwo, ngemva kokuba uPauli ehluleke kabuhlungu. Imvelo yasiza ukuthi udumo lwalokhu kutholakala lungangcoliswa ukuba khona komuntu wesifazane. UFranklin wabulawa umdlavuza wesibeletho ngaphambi kokuba aklonyeliswe uMklomelo KaNobel.
Ingabe i-DNA yayiyi-molecule yokuphila?? Hhayi kude. Amagciwane e-DNA, njengama-RNA, bamsulwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphandle kwamaseli okuwahlanganisa awenzi lutho nhlobo. Manje singasho ukuthi i-prion, iphrotheni engavamile, engahlukanga kwejwayelekile ngaphandle kwendlela egoqeka ngayo, lingabizwa ngokuthi i-molecule yokuphila.
Ukusesha izakhi zofuzo eziguga, njengezifo eziningi ezingavamile manje 100 iminyaka noma ngaphansi, kungenye imayini lapho kufunwa khona ikhambi lokuguga. Kuqala embonweni wokuthi kunohlelo lokuguga. Izigidi zichithwa kufunwa lezo zakhi zofuzo ezingabangela ukuba izinto eziphilayo zibole futhi zife ngemva kokuba zingasebenzi., okungukuthi, ngemva kokuzalana. Embuzweni onengqondo, ukube bekungengcono ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zizalane isikhathi eside, akukho mpendulo. Impela, ukukhiqiza kabusha kuwukuvumelana komklamo, okungase kuthinte eminye imisebenzi. Nakuba ezinhlotsheni eziningi kukhona ukwehla kokuzala okuhambisana nokuguga (kuyinkomba yokuguga), ngokuvamile, ukuwohloka komzimba okuthinta nokuzala. Kuvele ukuthi isizathu sokubheka lezo zakhi zofuzo ngokunye ngokuphelele, hhayi ukuguga: Isizathu esifanayo sebhayoloji manje isinezakhi zofuzo ezengeziwe, futhi abacwaningi abaningi bahileleke kulo mkhakha, yofuzo okungukuthi. Impela, izakhi zofuzo zinethonya ekuthuthukisweni, izinqubo ze-metabolic, futhi ngokuqinisekile zingathonya ukuguga futhi. Ukuguqulwa kwezinye izakhi zofuzo kuthonya izinga lokuguga. Kodwa kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zokuguga zikhona kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwezicelo zesibonelelo. Isazi sokuma komhlaba uValeri Chuprin sadonsela ukunaka kwami kuleli qiniso. Ucwaningo lwenziwa ngezibonelelo, hhayi imiphumela yangempela.
Kodwa yini engase ibe ukuguga kodwa into ehlobene nemisebe ye-ionizing ne-DNA? Impela, ukuba namandla aphezulu, Imisebe ye-ionizing ibhubhisa izakhiwo ze-DNA. Bakhiqiza izinguquko eziguquguqukayo okungukuthi, iqiniso. Ama-radicals wamahhala, onesibopho sokuguga, ziyizinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu futhi ezisebenzayo kakhulu. I-ozone ne-perhydrol ziphakathi kwazo. Akhiqizwa izinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi labo abanokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ama-radicals wamahhala akhiqizwa ku-mitochondria. Lokho nje, ngokuphambene nalokho okwakukholelwa ngaphambili, nakuba i-mitochondria ithintwa ukuguga, kanye nezinhlelo ezinikeza isivikelo kuma-radicals mahhala, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo akuyona inkinga enkulu ngokuguga. Azikhuli cishe kangako. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ezinye izinto ezinomphumela onamandla we-pro-oxidant zandisa isikhathi sokuphila sezikelemu... Kodwa ake sicabange ngamabhaktheriya.. Abagugi, futhi azwela kakhulu emisebeni ye-ionizing. Impela, bangabulawa ama-radicals mahhala. Futhi banezinhlelo ze-antioxidant. Siyazuza nakwabanye babo, okungukuthi amavithamini athile. Nakuba idatha eminingi iqoqwe ephikisana nale nkolelo-mbono, ama-antioxidants asathengisa kahle kakhulu. Imithi ye-Antioxidant ayindisi isikhathi sokuphila esiphezulu, nakuba zinemiphumela ngokwesilinganiso sobude besikhathi. Imisebe ye-ionizing ibhubhisa amaseli. Kungabonakala nangokuchayeka elangeni. Kodwa akuzona zodwa.
Ukwelashwa okwandisa isilinganiso kanye nesikhathi sokuphila esiphezulu ukukhawulelwa kwekhalori. Kuye ngezinhlobo, kusho ukudla okunazo zonke izakhamzimba, kodwa ngamandla amancane (amakhalori). Umlando wakhe nawo uyinkinga. Umbhali wezivivinyo, UClive McCay (1898-1967, ukuphila isikhathi eside kunesizotha) uvela ensimini yokufuya. Kwenziwe kuma-30s, ziye zanganakwa ngandlela-thile ngabanye abacwaningi. Kodwa imibono yayimidala. Ngathola izikhombo ku-Nietzsche zesakhamuzi esaphila isikhathi eside esathi lokho manje esizokubiza ngokuthi ukudla okunemingcele kwakuyimfihlo yakhe.. Ngithola ukugxeka kukaNietzsche kuthakazelisa.
Ukuvinjelwa kwekhalori kungaba yingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-hormesis, okungukuthi ukucindezeleka okumaphakathi. Futhi imibono ehlobene ne-hormesis midala. Kodwa kwakunesizathu “esingathi sína” sokubandlululwa kwabo: indlela yabo izofana nento ephikisana kakhulu: I-homeopathy! Angicabangi kanjalo, kodwa noma yini oyenzayo ingase ifane nenkolelo-ze evela kowazi ukuthi yisiphi isiko. Uma i-homeopathy iyinkolelo-ze, akumele wesabe ukuthi kungakuyekethisa. Ngokwemibono yamanje, I-homeopathy isayensi-mbumbulu. Kodwa ... kuma-70s ekhulwini le-19, lapho kwakucatshangwa ukuthi akusafanele ngisho nokutadisha i-physics, ukuthi awunalutho olusele ongaluthola (njengoba uMario Livio eshoAmaphutha amahle) mhlawumbe ukuthatha izithombe zamathambo bekuyobonakala kuyinkolelo-ze. Ukube nje ngithole ukuthi i-homeopathy iyasebenza ngempela, Kazi isiphi isimanga esikhona. Uma unengqondo, awufuni ukufakazela ukuthi awukho eqenjini labantu abangenangqondo, kodwa ngokuphambene, uzama ukungacwasi futhi ulungise into ongakwazi.
Amanye amathemba amakhulu okwelapha ukuguga kungaba ama-telomerase nama-stem cells. Ngiyazi ukuthi ekuqaleni komsebenzi wami ngangijabule kakhulu ngama-stem cell. Kodwa amadoda anolwazi angitshele ngezimfashini eziningi ayezibone kwezesayensi, okwakungekho lutho kuzo. Okufunwayo wukuxazulula inkinga ngesixazululo esidayiswa kakhulu. Eqinisweni, yisixazululo kuphela esithengiswayo, akunandaba ukuthi ixazulula kangakanani. Impela, kukhona okuthile nge-telomerosis nama-stem cells, engikuchaze kabanzi ezihlokweni zami nakuzoIzixhumanisi ezingekho ekugugeni.
Engikuqaphelile ezingqungqutheleni eziningi wukuthi kuyivelakancane, kuyaqabukela, othile onomoya wokugxeka uyavela osho into efanele ngemibono yasemfashinini. Kodwa uma eseqhamuka nesixazululo, isibhakabhaka siyawa. Kunzima kakhulu ukuqhamuka nokugxeka okuvumelekile, ukuhlaziya amaqiniso, futhi kunzima nakakhulu ukuletha enye i-paradigm. Ngizamile ukwenza lokhu, ukubheka ngale kwawo wonke amamodeli nakho konke ukucwasa, kodwa ikakhulukazi ukubheka impilo ngolimi lomshini. Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis yami (iphinde ishicilelwe kuIzixhumanisi ezingekho…), ukuguga kuwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uhlobo lokuzivumelanisa nenhlekelele. Ayikho into efana nesimiso sokuguga, kodwa uhlelo (noma ngaphezulu) impendulo yenhlekelele. Sithanda ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu usesicongweni sendalo nokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuya ekupheleleni. Hhayi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenza ukuhwebelana phezu kokuhwebelana, amanikiniki kumanikiniki. Futhi ayilahlekelwa yizinhlamvu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kunzima ngomuntu wangaphandle ukukholelwa ukuthi umuntu unezakhi zofuzo ezimbalwa kunezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Sithola ukuhlakanipha kwezilwane ezinomgogodla kungavamile, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, kodwa ubuhlakani buwumlingiswa kuphela lezi zinambuzane ezingasabela ngazo ezinkingeni (noma ngingababalekela).
Izinkinga emlandweni wemvelo ziye zalandelwa ukuqhuma kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-Precambrian Revolution, engikhulume ngayo ngenhla, yisibonelo. Umthetho ugcinwe muva nje. Izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu zibhalwa ngesikhathi sobuntu, ukushintshana phakathi kwezinkathi zendlala nokuchichima okulinganiselwe ("Impucuko Yendlala/Enye Indlela Yokwenza Abantu"). Ukwenziwa kobuntu nakho kube nomthelela ekugugeni? Futhi. Umuntu uhlushwa izifo ezingekho noma eziyivelakancane ezimfeneni ezisondelene kakhulu. Othile wayebonile ukuthi asikho isilwane esiwohloka kangaka lapho siguga.
Ukuguga kungaba uhlobo lomsila wesibankwa sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibankwa sishiya umsila ezinzipho zomhlaseli. Noma kunjalo, ukhulisa omunye. i-hypercholesterolemia, isifo sikashukela, ziyizimpawu zokusabela kwendlala. Wonke umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi kungani amaMelika ekhuluphele kangaka. Ziningi izizukulwane zalabo abasemikhunjini yokufa, okungukuthi abampofu abasinde endlaleni yase-Ireland, kusukela ekhulwini le-19. Abanye abakaze behle, abanye abakwazanga ngisho nokukhuphuka. Mhlawumbe okhokho babantu banamuhla abaphila isikhathi eside abanokuhlaziya okuphelele bebengeke babe nesikhathi sokukhuphuka.. Ekhuluma ngokufuna izakhi zofuzo zokukhuluphala, nini manje 50 iminyaka abazali balabo bantu babebukeka bevamile. Futhi uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo II lwaluyisifo esingavamile kakhulu.
Imininingwane mayelana nezakhi zofuzo zokuphila isikhathi eside ukuthi okuwukuphela kohlobo lwegazi oluhlotshaniswa nokuphila isikhathi eside uhlobo B. Ivumeleke kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Nganginesithakazelo ngoba ngangicabanga ukuthi kwakuwumphumela wokuxhumanisa nezinye izakhi zofuzo, okuhlobene nokufuduka okuthile. Kodwa olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abantu abanohlobo B maningi amathuba okuthi bashonele esibhedlela ngenxa yezinye izimbangela. Uma iqembu lihlotshaniswa ne-fluidity enkulu yegazi, i-coagulation enesici ngemva kwengozi... Kungaba kuningi esingakusho ngalesi sihloko, kodwa isiphetho, ngokwale mbono (kanye nezinsuku eziningi) yilokho, uma uvela emndenini ophile isikhathi eside, kufanele ucabange ukuthi okubulala abanye ngokushesha kungase kungakubulali noma kukubulale kancane kancane, kodwa kukhona okungakubulala okungababulali abanye.
Yayingelapha futhi ivimbele ukuguga? Futhi. Awukho umthetho othi cha. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyabuyiseleka emuva. Ukungabuyiseleki emuva kuvela eqinisweni lokuthi ama-reactants ayanyamalala. Ezilwaneni eziguga, futhi usemubi, ukuthi sikwenza kanjani, kukhona ukungaqiniseki kokusabela noma kunjalo. Kodwa ungabakhuthaza abathile abathintekayo. Kungenzeka. Futhi ngemali encane, ngingangeza. Okungenani lena yindlela isilinganiso sobude bokuphila esingakhushulwa ngayo kumagundane. Noma yikuphi 20-25% kufakazi. Futhi ukuzala…
Indlela abantu abakubona ngayo ukuguga manje? Iningi, ikakhulukazi labo abasemkhakheni wezokwelapha, Angicabangi ukuthi kukhona okungenziwa. Ukuguga akubhekwa njengesifo, nakuba kuyisifo esibulalayo 100%. Ozakwethu bezokwelapha, kodwa hhayi kuphela, Ngilokhu ngizitshela ukuthi angiyeke ukuguga, ukubhekana nesifo, Ngingaba nempumelelo eyengeziwe ngalokho. Kunamaqembu amaningi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, yiqiniso alinabantu abaningi, labantu abafuna ubuso babo bungagugi, yama-transhumanists kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo. Kodwa empeleni iningi labo linembangela nesizathu sokuzijabulisa. Bangaphatheka kabi kakhulu uma lesi sizathu sinyamalala. Babheka noma yini engahambisani nokucwasa kwabo ngokusola okukhulu. Njengakunoma yimuphi umkhakha, uma unendlela noma umkhiqizo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Ukuthola ukukhiqiza yikhona okunzima kakhulu. Kulokhu, indlela yokuqala isadingeka. Ngethemba ukuthi ngizomthola.
Liyini iqiniso ngezinkampani ezixhaswe ngezigidigidi? Judith Campisi, umcwaningi kulo mkhakha, udonsela ukunaka ukuthi angabaniki leyo mali, ukuthi abanalutho. Yilokho nami engikushoyo, kodwa kuyiqiniso iningi elifuna imali yocwaningo likhala ngokuthi aliyitholi imiphumela ngoba lingenayo imali. Impela, ngaphandle kwemali kunzima kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kwemibono nokuqonda akunakwenzeka.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukukhuluma kancane mayelana nokucwasa ngokuguga. Ukuhlobana kokuguga. Ukuguga kuhlukile kulokho okwakuyikho ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule? Yebo futhi cha. Njengoba ngikhuluma, ezinye izifo eziwohlokayo, okuningi noma okuncane okuhlotshaniswa nokuguga, babeyivelakancane. Kodwa zazikhona, eziningi zifakazelwa kwa-Antiquity. Abantu babehlala (kakhulu) kancane ngokwesilinganiso. Kungani? Izifo ezingelapheki futhi ikakhulukazi izimo zokusebenza nezimo zokuphila ezinzima kakhulu. Empeleni, INguquko Yezimboni, okungukuthi onjiniyela nabasebenzi abangasebenzi kahle kubhayoloji, babengama-gerontologists angcono kakhulu. Nakuba enkathini yangaphambi kwezimboni abantu babephila isikhathi eside futhi bebade. Uguquko lwezimboni lwafika ngokushesha (zomlando) nezimo zokusebenza ezingenabuntu. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, konke sekufinyeleleka kalula, ukhululeke kakhudlwana. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngenqubekelaphambili entsha yezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda kwesikhathi sokuphila kubonakala emazweni amaningi. Ohlangothini olusempumalanga lwekhethini lensimbi lokhu kwanda kweminyaka yokuphila kufinyelela isiqongo ngesikhathi esithile. Okwakwaziwa ngale kwakwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Cardiovascular Revolution. Izidakamizwa zezifo zenhliziyo zikhuphule ubude besikhathi sokuphila cishe 20 umnyaka owodwa. Empeleni kumashiqela aseLeninist (igama elilungile lamazwe ezenhlalakahle), ukunakekela umuntu kwakusephepheni kuphela. Eqinisweni, izimo zokuphila nezokusebenza zazinzima kakhulu. Abantu babhujiswa, ukukhathala ngenxa yomsebenzi nokuntula ukuphumula, ukuphila okungenampilo, ukuthotshiswa. Udokotela engisebenza naye wangitshela ngezifo ezimangalisayo ezitholwa yilabo ababesebenza ezimbonini ze-Ceausist.. Into eyaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi insindiso ayisekho ezigulini ezivela phezulu 60 umnyaka owodwa. Ngikhumbula ngisemncane ingane yami yayikhala ngoba udokotela wayitshela ukuthi ife, ukuthi wayesemdala kakhulu. Wayenezinhlanzi 70 umnyaka owodwa, KUSHO. Okufana nalokhu kwenzeka ngemva kweNguquko. Isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi saphathwa njengomphumela ovamile wokuguga.
Indlela okwakubhekwa ngayo ukuguga yayihlobene ngokuqondile nezinga lobuhlakani bomphakathi. AmaGreki asendulo ayenombono ofana nowethu ngokuguga. Ubumdala kusuka 60 umnyaka owodwa, lapho inkonzo yezempi iphela. Imisebenzi eminingi edumile yasendulo yadalwa abantu abavela ngaphesheya 70, 80, ngisho 90 umnyaka owodwa. Kodwa ngekhulu le-19 eFrance, ukuguga kwakuyinto okwakumelwe ifihlwe, izaguga ziwumthwalo nje emphakathini, futhi noma kunjalo ukuguga kwase kuqala 50 umnyaka owodwa. Siguga kangcono ngazo zonke izindlela manje kunakudala? Hhayi. Ngaphandle kwalolu bhubhane lwesifo sikashukela, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, izifo zenhliziyo, ukuzala kuthinteka kakhulu. Ngekhulu le-19, kwakujwayelekile ukuthi abesifazane babelethe kuze kube 48 umnyaka owodwa, abambalwa babengaphezu kwale minyaka, kodwa zazikhona. Nakuba abesifazane abampofu nabasebenza ngokweqile babelahlekelwa ukuzala besebancane.
Kodwa kungakanani okukhulunywa ngakho manje ngezimo zangempela zokuphila uma kukhulunywa ngeminyaka yokuphila, ikakhulukazi enempilo? Nakuba zikhona izifundo ezibonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka okunikezwa ubumpofu, ukuthotshiswa, ukuntula ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo, ziyingozi kakhulu kunokudla okunamafutha amaningi, Ngokwesibonelo! Kodwa imibono enjalo ayidayiseki. Ngeke sisole osopolitiki ngokuphila kwabo okufushane.
