I-Utopia etymologically isho into engekho ndawo. Kodwa kubukeka sengathi kuyini, kakhulukazi. Impela, noma yimuphi umsebenzi wenganekwane ukhuluma ngesikhathi nendawo owavela kuyo. Okubuhlungu wukuthi ayisuki kude kuleyo ndawo nesikhathi. I-utopia "yangempela" ingaba yileyo eyenza ube nesiyezi, angiqondi lutho olukhona. Manje, lapho bonke ubuciko buhloselwe ukushaqisa, Izindaba ze-Hollywood fantasy, kube nazo ezesayensi, yizona ezivame kakhulu. Okushaqisayo yibhajethi. Indaba exoxwayo ingeyenkulisa, kanye nomlayezo, Ibanga lesi-4 kakhulu. Ukuthi manje sibhekene nesomiso esikhulu semibono kanye nesibindi sokutshala imali ekudaleni sekuvele kwaziwa kahle..
Kodwa kwake kwaba kwehlukile? Ukubona komuntu kwake kwaba okungavamile?
Ukuze uphendule le mibuzo, kumele siqale siphendule ukuthi abantu bafunani ku-utopia. Kusukela ngokuhlangana kwabo ndawonye ngobuningi, kusukela ngokuvela kwezigaba eziqinile, kodwa ikakhulukazi lobugqila, abantu baqaphela ukuthi awukwazi ngempela ukujabula emphakathini onjalo, futhi baqala ukuphupha ukuthi yini okufanele iguqulwe. Kwakungabantu abajabulayo ngaphambili? Kunzima ukusho, ngoba asazi ngempela ukuthi umhlaba wawunjani, ukuthi babehleleke kanjani manje sekuphelile 10000 umnyaka owodwa. Manje 10000 umnyaka owodwa, ngemva kokufika kwezolimo, sineminye imikhondo. Imiphakathi engeyona eyezolimo (nakuba kukhona ama-nuances lapha futhi), leyo miphakathi ebizwa ngendabuko, yabazingeli-abaqoqi (empeleni okuphambene bekuyoba okunembile kakhulu, ukuthi iphesenti elikhulu kakhulu lokudla lihlinzekwa ngokucosha- ikhamera 90%, kodwa ngoba abesifazane bangabaqoqi...) ayehlukene, futhi empeleni yayizovela cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nalezo zezolimo, ngemva kweqhwa lokugcina. Esikwaziyo ukuthi ukugula ngengqondo akubhaliwe kule miphakathi, njenge-schizophrenia (v. Impucuko yendlala/enye indlela yokwenza ubuntu). Kukhona esikubiza ngokuthi yi-depression lapho?
Nakuba emiphakathini yezolimo yase-Afrika zikhona zonke izinhlanga ezivela kithi, mhlawumbe ngezinye izikhathi kugcizelelwe kakhulu, ngenxa yomona namaqili, ububi, lapho befika eNtshonalanga izinga lokugula ngengqondo landa kakhulu, izikhathi ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi esizukulwaneni sesibili sabokufika. Isaziso kulabo abalokhu bekhuluma nge-radicalization lapho bechaza ukuhlaselwa "kwamaphekula" okunjalo yintsha ewela kulesi sigaba.. Udokotela wezengqondo ovela eGreat Britain waqhubekisela phambili umbono, wethulwa engqungqutheleni yezengqondo eVienna, 2010, ukuthi izibopho zomndeni, uhlobo lobudlelwano basemaphandleni ezindaweni zasekhaya, kungaba yini enikeza isivikelo. Kukhona imindeni eyandisiwe lapho, ngaphambi kwengculazi zazingekho izintandane, akekho owasala ngemuva ngempela, noma ngabe ubumpofu. Uma nathi besingayazi imikhuba yabo (kwabantu abamnyama base-Afrika, kodwa hhayi kuphela, kanye nabantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ugxekwe ngalokhu ngu-Ayaan Hirsi Ali) ukuthumela imali ekhaya, ukusiza imindeni yabo, mhlawumbe kungaba nzima ukuthi siqonde. Bacabanga ukuthi kuwunya ngathi ukungakwenzi lokho. Kubonakala kithi okuthile okuphambene nenqubekelaphambili, tribalism njll. Inkohlakalo emangalisayo e-Afrika ihlobene nala masiko. Kanjani ukuze umzala wami eze esitolo futhi amkhokhele? Ngingamsiza kanjani uma esenkingeni? Uma indima yomphakathi (INKONZO) iyangivumela?
Asazi ukuthi bazizwa kanjani, ngoba kasikhuliswanga njengabo, kodwa uma sibheka izifo zengqondo, kubonakala kungcono. Kubonakala sengathi ezinye izinkomba zikhomba okungcono. Futhi ngoba bazizwa bengcono, uziphathe kangcono. Kungaba njani ukuthola ukuthi indaba ehlasimulisa umzimba kaInkosi yezimpukane bekuzokwenzeka ngokubambisana kwangempela, ubumbano nokuhleleka okuhle, imithetho ihlonishwe, endabeni yezingane ezivela emiphakathini yendabuko? Nokho yilokhu okwenzeka emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule endabeni yokuthi enye intsha evela eNew Guinea yaphahlazeka umkhumbi esiqhingini esiwugwadule.. Izingane eziphukelwe umkhumbi zabhekana nezimo ezinzima, ukuswelakala kokudla, baze batholakala. Futhi, impela ngoba babengewona amaNgisi, benza isibalo esihle. Impela, bazana. Futhi bahlala bengabangane. Ubani ongenza ifilimu ngento efana naleyo?
Nakuba lezi idatha, kodwa futhi nabanye, iphakamisa ukuthi ukulingana, ubumbano, ukuntula ubuholi obuqinile, bayimithombo yenjabulo. Abantu bangazamukela izinhlekelele zemvelo, ngisho noMalthus uthi kuyamangaza ukuthi abantu basheshe balulame kanjani ezinhlekeleleni, elingaqhathanisi nezimpi. Abantu bangakwamukela ububi bendalo, kodwa hhayi kontanga. Ngoba ngaphandle kobuhlungu, ulaka lwamadoda luletha ihlazo. Kubonakala sengathi izithako ezingenhla zinomphumela ofanayo phakathi kobuhlanga namasiko. Zonke izifundo zenjabulo ezibeka amazwe aseNordic phezulu ziphakamisa into efanayo. Futhi uma ucabanga ngakho, cishe ayikho indawo yokuhlala lapho! Ungajabula kanjani e-Arctic Circle?! Idatha ibonisa ukuthi injabulo enkulu etholwe e-UK yayikhona 1976, lapho kuqoshwa isilinganiso esiphezulu sokulingana kwezenhlalo nezinto ezibonakalayo. I-documentary ibonisa lokho phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, nakuba kwakukhona ubumpofu kanye nokushoda kokudla, abantu bazizwa bengcono, bahlala isikhathi eside e-UK. E-Hungary, ngemva kokushabalala kobukhomanisi, okufanayo, ubumpofu behlile, kodwa isikhathi sokuphila sehlile, ngokusho kwe-documentary efanayo. Abantu bancamela ukulingana kunenkululeko ngokwayo, cabangela izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu njengoSerge Moscovici. Ucwaningo oluningi lwezinkinga zeziboshwa lukhombisa ukuthi abantu bazonda kangakanani ukoniwa ngumuntu, hhayi ngemoto. Mhlawumbe labo abazisola ngobukhomanisi, ukunganaki ubushiqela nobumpofu, empeleni ngiyakuzwa lokhu? Kodwa ubushiqela beLeninist kwaba ukuthotshiswa okujwayelekile nokuyinto ejwayelekile. Kodwa kubonakala sengathi abanye sebekhohliwe.
Empeleni, uma sithatha ama-utopias aphumelele kakhulu, okungukuthi, ubuKristu kanye nesihlobo esincane, Islam, Ngikhuluma ngakho. EbuKristwini akusekho ukuhlukana phakathi kwabantu, yengcebo, kukhala, ucansi. E-Islam, kwakheka umphakathi, umphakathi wamaSulumane okufanele ube kuwo wonke umhlaba (ngike ngayibonaphi into enjena??) lapho kungekho khona izigqila, lapho abaholi benkolo, kodwa baphila ngokuzithoba kakhulu futhi baziphatha ngokulinganayo. Futhi ezizukulwaneni eziningana kwaba njalo, kwaze kwaba...osopolitiki abanekhono bazenza ama-caliph futhi baqhwaga imithetho (v. I-Ansari ku-"Altered Destiny"). UbuKhomanisi, ngemva kwemibono eminingi, empeleni kungolunye uhlobo lobuKristu. Izigodlo zama-monasteri nama-Essene adluliselwa njengezibonelo zemiphakathi yangempela yamaKhomanisi. I-Kibbutzim nayo yengezwa lapha.
Ukwehluleka kobukhomanisi kanye ne-Islam sekuvele kwaziwa kahle. Iyini imbangela? Imvelo yomuntu, kuzwakala impendulo ejwayelekile. Ikhwalithi embi, ubugovu babantu, lokhu kubonakala kuyisizathu esivame kakhulu. Ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, akukho lutho olusebenzayo, kuhlanganise ne-capitalism. Isaiah Berlin în culegerea de eseuri sub numele „Adevăratul studiu al omenirii”, ecaphuna futhi ehlaziya ababhali abaningi baseRussia, ufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umphakathi ongcono awunakwenzeka, ukuthi ubungeke wazi nokuthi uyidala kanjani, futhi uma ufuna. Futhi bekungeke kusebenze noma kunjalo. Ukuhlupheka okusemhlabeni akunakususwa, bakholwa. Akukho okuzwakalayo uma kukhulunywa ngokushintsha umhlaba. Impela, kwakunzima futhi ukucabanga okuhle kwezenhlalo eRussia, izwe elinokungalingani okudlulele, lapho izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zobugqila zazisemthethweni ngesikhathi sikaCatherine nangemva kwalokho. Njengoba nje okuhle komphakathi kwakungacabangeki eNdiya yakudala, ngama-castes kanye nama-taboos ahlobene nokubusa. UbuBuddha bungazalelwa kanjani lapho? Okuwukuphela kwekhambi kwaba ukuyeka, UKUZIHLUKANISA, ukuphila ngaphakathi.
IRussia ikukhombisile lokho kuhlupheka (kanye nobugqila) ingathunyelwa ngempumelelo. Futhi umlando ukhombisile ukuthi izimangaliso eziningi zingenziwa uma ususa ubumpofu futhi unikeze ukulingana okuthile. Ngeke ngikwazi ukuzibamba nginikeze isibonelo saseGreece, izwe 85% intaba, abampofu kakhulu ngaphambi kwempi. Futhi emva... Yeka ukuthi okhokho bethu kanye nokhokho bethu bazokwethuka kanjani ukuvakashela eGrisi manje! Abantu sebehlukile manje kunangaleso sikhathi, baziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Ukhona ongacabanga ukweba okuncane kangaka eGreece? Kodwa inkinga ye 2009 umphakathi wamaGreki owawuguqule ngokusobala, izinga lokuzibulala lenyuke kakhulu. Izinkinga eziningi zomphakathi ziqala ebuphofini.
Yiziphi izimbangela zokungajabuli ezakhulunywa ngama-utopias esikhathini esidlule? Singenza isigaba sama-utopia ngokwezinkinga zomphakathi ababezibheka njengembangela yobubi obusemhlabeni, nokuthi yini, kanye isusiwe, bekuyoholela enjabulweni (ophanayo?). Emibhalweni yasendulo, kusukela kuPlato kuya eTestamenteni Elidala, ububi babukumuntu, isidalwa esiziphethe kabi ngokwemvelo. E-Atlantis, abantu babenemvelo yobunkulunkulu ngezinga elikhulu, yini eyabanika ukuziphatha. ETestamenteni Elidala umuntu uwile, kodwa injabulo yayikhona ngaphambi kwezolimo nempucuko noma kunjalo. Izulu linikezwa ngokuchichima kwemvelo, lapho abantu bengadingi ukusebenza. Futhi lapho belingana. Isingathekiso semiphakathi yabazingeli bendabuko? Mhlawumbe emiphakathini yaseMpumalanga, le-nostalgia ikhona. Mhlawumbe ukuxhumana kwabo nemiphakathi enjalo kwakusakhunjulwa (kucatshangelwa nokubukeka kwemibhalo emidala). Imiphakathi yendawo ngokwayo igcine izici eziningi zemiphakathi emidala, i-preclavagiste. Ubugqila bakudala babuseYurophu. Alikho futhi kuma-utopias kule ngxenye yomhlaba.
IRiphabhulikhiI-Plato's iletha ngokuyingozi kakhulu emphakathini wamaNdiya ozinze ngokwezigaba. Kukhona isigaba sabasebenzi, lamasosha, kodwa nesigaba esibusayo, ophiliswa ukuhlakanipha. Izicukuthwane kuphela ezingabusa, kodwa nabanye kufanele babe nezimfanelo ezinhle, kusukela isibindi namandla, ngokulinganisela. Wonke umuntu uyayazi indawo yakhe, konke kuhamba kahle.
UThomas More uyaguquka, „Utopia” (ibhalwe ku 1515) ufana namamodeli aseduze nathi, mhlawumbe yingakho kusabisa kakhulu. Umphakathi wakhe okahle ubuswa inkosi, izikhundla eziphezulu zokuphatha ziphethwe yizikhulu ezikhethiwe, kodwa...abantu abaningi abakwazi ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni ngenxa yokuthi babambelele ezinhlakeni ezingochwepheshe. Singakhohlwa, kwakuyisikhathi sezinhlangano, ukubusa kwakhe kwaba yinkinga yezinguquko ezizayo zonxiwankulu nentando yeningi. Ingxenye engcono kakhulu iseza. I-Utopia iqukethe izigqila, abenza wonke umsebenzi onzima. Babuthwa phakathi kwabokufika abagwetshwe ukufa kanye neziboshwa. Ngempela, I-Utopian! Kodwa kwabanye, abasebenza kancane. Ayikho impahla yangasese, akukho mali, umehluko phakathi kwabantu mincane. Umphakathi umfaniswano, futhi ubuciko abukho. Ukuqonda komphumela wokulinganisa lapho impahla yangasese ibiyelwe khona, e remarcabilă. Dar măcar e libertate de religie…
O utopie cu efecte care pare și mai mult… noma i-dystopia futhi iyayeka kuye uThomas Bell, „Cetatea Soarelui” (Umuzi welanga). Kukhona ubukhomanisi obumsulwa, isetshenziswe kahle, nakho konke okufanayo, kusukela ekamelweni kuya ekamelweni lokudlela. Eduze kwempahla yangasese njengobubi bokugcina, UCampanella naye uletha umndeni onomfazi oyedwa. Kulo mphakathi ofana nalowo wePol Pot, ubuholi kungobososayensi-abapristi abenza konke ngokuvumelana nemithetho yemvelo. Lokho kuzwakala kujwayelekile, uma wazi ukuthi i-socialism yayiyisayensi!
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwempahla, bani, obunye ububi kwakuwukuba nomfazi oyedwa. Futhi amaKhomanisi okuqala akubona lokhu, kodwa kubonakala sengathi ubunzalamizi, okungukuthi, isifiso sokubusa abesifazane, lalinamandla. U-Stalin unquma ukuthi abesifazane kufanele baphinde bangene endimeni ehloniphekile kamama, ngemuva kuka-Alexandra Kollontai, i-feminist ehamba phambili ye-Russian Revolution, wayekhulume kakhulu ngenkululeko yobulili. Okungaqondi abagxeki be-monogamy ukuthi yalethwa yi-patriarchy.
Akekho owacabanga lokho emsuka wokungalingani okusobala, lodlame emphakathini, yemithombo eyinhloko yokungajabuli, kuhlanganise nomona, kungaba...inzalamizi? Societățile matriliniare erau studiate, nokho, nakuba kancane, kuhlanganise no-Engels ukhuluma ngabo kwethi “The Origin of the Family, wempahla yangasese kanye nohulumeni". Kodwa umbhali ophawulekayo, ngokucabanga kwasekuqaleni, owayeqonda ibhayoloji, UCharlotte Perkins, wabhala i-utopia enjalo. „Herland”. Sigur că acea societate e feministă, ubuswa ngabesifazane. Ungumphakathi ongenalo udlame, ubugebengu, ngezimpi, lokubusa phezu kwabanye abantu. Abesifazane bahlakaniphile futhi baziphatha kahle, azikho izimpawu zomehluko phakathi kwabo, ngisho nangezingubo. Ikhiqiza ngocansi, futhi abazi ngisho ngamadoda. Izwe laphunyuka kanjani kulobu bubi?? Ngodlame, ungacabanga, uma ubungacaphuna ezakudala Zokukhanyisela noma iMarx. Impela, amadoda awazange alahle amandla odwa, njengoba bekulindelekile. Ukufutheka kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kwabulala amadoda amaningi emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Abasinda baba yizigqila, base bebulawa.
Lo mphakathi ufana neminye ekhona? Okungakholeki, nika. Imiphakathi enjalo yabesifazane bonke isineminyaka ikhona 60-70, iminyaka yegolide yobufazi. Iningi lamalungu bekungamalesbians, kanti umsinga wawuze ubizwe ngokuthi yi-separatist. Abesifazane abafanele, abaningi abasaphila, babekholelwa ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi owesifazane ajabule emphakathini lapho kukhona namadoda, ngoba noma yini abengayenza, bayoyixhaphaza bayinukubeze. Laba besifazane bahlakulela ukuhlukana ngokuphelele namadoda. Bahamba baze bangalisekeli ngisho ilungelo lokuhushula isisu. Yini owesifazane ogwema amadoda wayedinga ukuhushulwa isisu? Yize le miphakathi isinyamalele ngenxa yezomnotho nepolitiki, lomqondo ukhona namanje, ikakhulukazi eLatin America, emiphakathini enodlame kakhulu endaweni. Lapho abesifazane babona ubungqingili kanye nokwehlukana njengokuphela kwenketho efiselekayo, noma kungenzeki nhlobo.
Isiphetho singaba ukuthi i-utopia "yeqiniso" izoba ngowesifazane, lelo zwe belingeke libe yizinzalamizi. Singakhuluma kanjani ngokulingana?, yobulungisa, ebukhosini? Lapho zonke izikhungo zidalwa ukubusa nokuxhaphaza abantu besifazane? Singakhuluma kanjani ngenjabulo kulomhlaba? Inkinga wukuthi abesifazane abazi nokuthi kunjani ukukhululeka. Majoritatea utopiilor pornesc de la ideea că răul e în afara omului, ukuthi imali, impahla, umfazi oyedwa, ngimzwise ubuhlungu. Kunombono othi abanye abantu babi, abanye, lokhu. yini leyo? Nokuthi ibahlukanisa kanjani? Ngendlela enonya kakhulu futhi engenangqondo: ngohlanga, okusho ukwehla. Futhi ukucabanga kwengane kuyokwenqaba lokho okubonakala kukha phezulu! Ukukholelwa kanjani lokho emndenini, ingasaphathwa emiphakathini, kuzalwa abantu abalungile kuphela noma abahlakaniphile noma abaziphatha kahle, futhi kwenye, ngokuphambene nalokho? Ungasho kanjani ukuthi imfundiso kaDarwin ikhuthaza imibono enjalo, lapho ithiyori kaDarwin isekelwe ekuguquguqukeni, okungukuthi ngokwehlukana? Singaqagela ukuthi umphakathi wesigaba kuphela, ngama-castes, ukuthi umphakathi waseYurophu wawunjani ngekhulu le-19, mhlawumbe ugwinye into enjalo. Futhi abantu bakholelwa abakufunayo kunoma yimuphi umqondo, kunoma iyiphi incwadi.
UbuKhomanisi kuthiwa buyasebenza, kodwa akusetshenziswanga ngendlela efanele. Abanye bayazibuza ukuthi kungani lokhu kungashiwo futhi nge-fascism. Kukhona okungenani i-utopia eyodwa ekhuluma ngokusetshenziswa okufanele kwe-fascism , leyo evela endabeni emfushane ethi "Born on March" (Wazalwa kuqhubeke 8 Mashi) ngu-Ioana Petra. Kulokho utopia, umuntu wesifazane (kanjani futhi?), amadoda akhona, kodwa banjengokuthanda kwabesifazane, ngakho-ke abasakwazi ukudala ubunzalamizi. Uguquko lwebhayoloji, eholwa ngabacwaningi abathile abalwela amalungelo abantu besifazane, wasusa ububi emphakathini. Amadoda abukeka futhi aziphathe ngendlela abesifazane abayifunayo (abanye). Kulowo mphakathi, lapho abesifazane beziphatha futhi bebukeka behluke kakhulu, njengokuthanda kwabo ucansi, kodwa yingakho ilingana, maningi amandla okuxazulula izinkinga zangempela, okuhlanganisa izifo nokuguga. U-Valerie Solanas udonsela ukunaka ku-"The Scum Manifesto" ezindlekweni ezifihliwe zobunzalamizi., lapho abaholi besilisa, kunoma yiliphi izinga, ngokuyinhloko bafuna ukushaqisa, bese uxazulula izinkinga. Isikhathi esiningi benza sengathi bayawaxazulula. Abesifazane abakudingi lokho.
Concluzia legată de o utopie „adevărată” e că trebuie să fie una feministă, ukukhuluma ngomphakathi olinganayo, lapho ukuhlupheka kuzo zonke izimbangela, ikakhulukazi ubumpofu, isusiwe noma incishiswe kakhulu. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwabantu okubalulekile, kodwa futhi izinga labantu. Okuhlobene nakho konke lokhu, Ngicabanga ukuthi u-Epicurus wayeqinisile. Injabulo inabantu obathandayo, abaziphethe kahle nabahlakaniphile. Njengoba bekuzoba njalo emphakathini wakhe?
