Njengezinye izifundo zesayensi, ikakhulukazi uma zihlobene nezinhlobo zabantu, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuziphatha komuntu, futhi impi iwumthombo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi izimfihlakalo zesayensi. Kodwa iyini impi?? Ukubulawa okuhleliwe kwamalungu ohlobo olufanayo. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka??
Okokuqala nje, okwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu, yingakho uhlobo lwesintu lungenazo izindlela ezikhethekile zokugwema ukubulala ama-congeners. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana, abantu ngabanye abazisebenzisi izikhali zabo ezibulalayo nabazakwabo. Izithombe zofezela, izinkalankala, ngisho nezindluzele ezilwa, ukugwema ukugwazwa, bulala noma ukugwaza, baziwa kakhulu futhi baphathwa njengezibonelo ngomqondo wokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zemvelo eziyingozi kakhulu namalungu ohlobo lomuntu siqu..
Izimpendulo ezingenzeka kulo mbuzo, ecashunwe izikhathi eziningi, kunezimbangela eziningana ezingenzeka, yethulwe ezifundweni ze-ethology. Esokuqala yibanga elinikezwa izikhali, ikakhulukazi ezomlilo. Ibanga eliphakathi kwabalwayo libenza bangabe besabona izimpawu ezithile zokuzithoba komphikisi obuthakathaka, okuvame ukuqeda ukulwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Izibhamu zazikhona, ngesikhathi sabo bagxekwa kakhulu ngekhono labo lokubulala ngobuningi. Ukube nje labo abagxekayo bengabona ukuthi isifike kuphi manje, lapho izimoto ezilawulwa kude, ngisho ezizimele, sunt trimise să ucidă… Se consideră și acum, ukuthi inani lezisulu liyoba phezulu kakhulu, ukube lo mlisa ubengasabandakanyeki esinqumweni sokudubula. Izimoto zine-psychopathic kune-psychopaths, lapho kuthathwa khona amasosha angochwepheshe. Uma sicabanga ngokubandakanyeka kwemishini empini, kuphela ezimpini zokugcina zomhlaba (Ngethemba ukuthi bangabokugcina), sinesithombe sokuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwabalwayo lingenzani. Izimoto zethula ibanga elingokwenyama kuphela, kodwa futhi nengqondo. Amarobhothi, noma ngabe kuyindida kakhulu kunamafilimu ezinganekwane zesayensi, baye bafakazela eqinisweni ukuthi yini abangayenza uma behola ... izimpi.
Nokho, abantu babulalana ngaphambili, nakuba, ukucaphuna intatheli yaseMelika, UJoseph Sobran, „bucată cu bucată”. Kodwa ake sikhumbule: kwelinye izinga. Nokho, Kungani? Un alt motiv important vehiculat ar fi ce se cheamă „pseudospeciație”, okungukuthi, ukubola kwezihambi kusukela izinga labantu. Uma ngokuvamile abezinye izizwe, izitha, akubukeki kuhluke kakhulu (ukuthi ukucwasa ngokwebala kwenza izinto zibe lula kangakanani!), izici zamasiko zidlala indima ebalulekile. AmaCelt ayeyizilwane, babelele phansi nje, njengoba induna yamaRoma ikhombisa amasosha akhe. Ngakho babengabulawa ngaphandle kwesihe. Ngokuvamile, isitha siyisilwane ngenxa yesiko, inkolo noma imikhuba, amasiko njll. Ama-taboos ngokuvamile asetshenziswa kulokhu. Futhi yeka imikhuba yobulili emangalisayo eye yashiwo kumaJuda noma kwabansundu! Kodwa yini ethokozisayo, futhi benza okufanayo namaKristu/abamhlophe njll. Kungajabulisa kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi kungani abesifazane abamhlophe benezinja ezinkulu emehlweni ama-Afrika.
Esinye isizathu esenza abantu babulale abanye abantu…ukufundisa. Ngisho umphathi noma umholi (ngokomoya?) akholise amasosha ukuthi kufanele abulale isitha. Futhi abantu, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, bangafundiswa kalula. Ibonisa kanjani ukuhlolwa, izingane zikhohliseka kakhulu kunezimfene. Lapho befunda ukuvula ibhokisi ngezinyathelo eziningana, ezinye azinamsebenzi, izingane zalandela isiko ngokwethembeka, kuhlanganise nezinyathelo ezingadingekile, kuyilapho izimfene bezikhipha ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Abantu bafundiswa kalula, kuyakholelwa, ngokuqondile ngenxa ye-neoteny, okungukuthi, ukugcinwa kwezinye izici zombungu noma ingane kumuntu omdala. Umuntu wayezofunda isikhathi eside ngenxa yale nsambatheka. Izinkukhu ziyemukela, bayafunda, abantu abadala abathambile kancane. I-Neoteny yayizokwenza abantu bazithobe, Ngithumele, eyayizobasiza bafunde, kodwa futhi kube lula ukufundisa.
Ceva ce se discută puțin este că oamenii ucid… pentru bani. Abantu abaningi abahileleke ezimpini njengamanje bakwenzela imali. Futhi singakhohlwa, izimpi ziletha imali. Manje amabutho amaningi akhiwe ngama-mercenaries, amasosha akhokhelwayo, amadoda nabesifazane. Ubani owenza into enjalo manje?? Uma ubheka amasosha ase-US, kodwa hhayi kuphela, kuyaziwa. Embikweni ngeLake Victoria, indawo empofu kakhulu yabona ikhambi elilodwa kuphela lokubalekela ubumpofu: impi. Ngoba impi ikhokhelwa nalapho. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi kungaba lula kangakanani ukuqeda izimpi. Futhi indlela eyinkimbinkimbi, uma sicabanga ngobudlelwano bosozimali.
Înainte „meseria armelor” era ceva ce îmbrățișau oamenii săraci, ezindaweni ezimpofu, intaba, njenge-Albania emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, Croatia, kodwa futhi neGrisi, kuhlanganise ne-Athene Yasendulo. Ngemva kwezimpi ezimbi zaseMarathon naseSalamis, mhlawumbe amabutho asePheresiya anqotshwa, kodwa hhayi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Intando yeningi yase-Athene nayo yashabalala ngokuthi abantu abaningi base-Athene baba ama-mercenary….AmaPheresiya. Kunzima ukulondoloza indlela yokuphila, ngisho nesistimu yenhlangano ekahle kule nkathi, ebumpofu.
Abantu babulala ngenxa yemali. Ulambile. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka zikwenzile lokhu futhi basakwenza. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi encwadini eyanyatheliswa ngesikhathi sombuso wobushiqela wamaKhomanisi („Lumea hitiților” de Margarate Riemschneider) Ngithole esanduleleni siphikisa leli qiniso. Hhayi, impi ayizange ilwelwe izinsiza, kodwa kwakuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa yomzabalazo wezigaba ezivelele. Yilokhu okwabikezelwa iMarxism, kubhekwa isayensi (ngoba uMarx no-Engels babefuna ukuqonda umphakathi ngokwesayensi, ngaphambi kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo). Kubukhomanisi kwalandela, ngokwezibikezelo ze-Marxist theory, kungabe kusaba khona impi. Mhlawumbe kuphela kumakhomanisi, kodwa kubonakala sengathi i-socialism yayingakakulungeli lokhu, bheka amaShayina namaCambodia, amaShayina namaSoviet. Mhlawumbe izigaba ezibusayo kulezo zifundazwe yizona ezazinecala...
Kusemvelo yomuntu ukubulala umakhelwane? Ngokusobala kunjalo. i-forensics, lapha ngicaphuna isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uTudorel Butoi, bathi noma ubani angabulala. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezikhathini eziningi ezivikela. Nakuba empini, uma kungenzeka, ngokusobala abaningi bakugwema ukukwenza. Kodwa akulona iqiniso ukuthi abantu kuphela ababulalana. Amabhubesi ayakwenza, ama-chimpanzi akwenza entweni efana kakhulu nokuthi impi iyini kithi. Konrad Lorenz spune în cartea lui despre agresivitate „Așa-zisul rău” că de fapt oamenii ucid tocmai că sunt niște ființe atât de slab dotate pentru…a ucide. Abanazo izindlela zokunciphisa imiphumela kuma-congeners ngokuqondile ngoba abanazo izikhali ezingakholekeka.. Ukushelela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwasenza izigebengu, impela ngoba siyizinkawu eziminyene.
Ukuthi izihlobo zethu, izimfene, nabo bayakwazi ukwenza into enjalo, ngeke kusimangaze. Kodwa omunye angase athi amabhubesi awanazo izikhali ezibulalayo? I-hypothesis yami, expusă în „Civilizația foametei” este că motivul este ceea ce popular se numește putere de concentrare, okungukuthi, ukuncipha komkhakha wokwazi. Kufana nokuthi awuboni lutho eduze kwakho, into kuphela oyithandayo.
Endodeni, njengakwezinye izilwane, kunezithiyo zemvelo zokulimaza abahlanganyeli, eliziveza hhayi kuphela ngokubona izimpawu zokuthumela, kodwa nangesimo esibucayi umuntu azithola ekuso (elimele). Abantu banezithiyo zemvelo zokubhekana namagalelo athile, elinqotshwa ngokuqeqeshwa. Abasebenzi bezobuciko bokulwa bayayazi le nkinga kahle kakhulu. Abantu bafunda ukungazinaki lezi zikhuthazo. Kwabanye kulula, abanye bangaziba kalula izisusa zemvelo, ngisho noma benamandla angokomzwelo. Ngokungahleliwe, I-psychopath iphakathi kwalaba bantu. Ukunciphisa insimu yolwazi kulula kubo. Hhayi ngenhlanhla, ama-psychopaths ngokuvamile abe ama-mercenaries, izinhloli (kodwa futhi nama-CEO noma odokotela abahlinzayo) ngokwalesi sizathu, pe lângă alte „calități” ale lor, njengokufisa ukudla engozini. Kodwa kubonakala sengathi akuwona kuphela ama-psychopaths anale mfanelo. Kungaba izinga labantu abaphishekela imigomo yesikhathi eside?
Amabhubesi yizilwane ezihamba emlilweni esekisini. Okwezilwane, ukunganaki ukwesaba umlilo, ukufunda ukungakunaki lokhu kwesaba, kuwukudlala. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, amabhubesi yizilwane okumele zizingele, ukuzifaka engozini, nabavame ukubhekana nendlala. Ikhono lokugxila ezintweni ezithile ezishukumisayo, ukungabanaki abanye, kungamela inzuzo endaweni yabo.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kungaba ikhono lokubulala abantu inani ababeyolikhokha ngenxa yezinye izimfanelo zabo?
Kungani kunolaka ezilwaneni? Ngokweminye imibono eyaziwayo (Lorenz), indima yayo kungaba ukulawula ukuminyana kwabantu. Izilwane zihlakazeka endaweni ngenxa noma ukugwema ukungqubuzana. Kodwa ekugcineni izinkinga zezinsiza ziwumsuka wolaka. Lezo zinsiza ziwukudla noma ukufinyelela kubalingani bocansi, imayelana nezinsiza. Kodwa njengoba ngishilo, izilwane zinezindlela zokulawula lezi zingxabano, elula noma eyinkimbinkimbi, kuye ngezinhlobo. Kukhona amasiko athile anciphisa udlame lwe-intraspecific (okungukuthi, ubudlova obubonisiwe). Udlame ukwehluleka ukuziphatha, iphutha ekulawuleni ukusebenzisana. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuba mnene ngokwedlulele endlini, nakuba lezo zinhlobo zingabazingeli abanekhono eliphezulu (ezinye canids). Ngeshwa, izilwane ezinkulu azikho phakathi kwazo.
Izimfene zibulalana zodwa ngendlela esingayibiza ngempi, ukugcina izilinganiso. Lapho kunokungezwani phakathi kwabesilisa eqenjini, lapho ukuzilungisa kubonakala kunganele, atunci masculii pornesc într-un fel de expediții în afara grupului, okuholela ekubulaweni kwabanye abesilisa ngaphandle kweqembu. Udlame ludlulele, kufana kakhulu nalokho okwenzeka ezigcawini ze-lynching. Esimweni esinjalo, udlame lunciphisa ukungezwani kwabesilisa, ukuqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo, gcina noma uguqule izigaba.
Singaphetha ngokuthi le ndima yayizoba khona nakubantu? Futhi, ubufakazi obanele busikisela ukuthi iyakwenza. Amaqembu athile abesilisa aphendukela ekuziphatheni okucishe kufane nezimfene. Akuwona nje amaqembu ezigelekeqe ezingomakhelwane aziphatha njengamaqembu ezimfene, kodwa futhi abanye abaholi bezombangazwe basebenzisa impi ukuze balawule izigaba phakathi kwabo. Cartea „Capcana lui Tucidide” de Graham Allison pare extrem de transparentă în acest sens. Ukhuluma ngeRussia neChina njengezigebengu ezingomakhelwane noma amaqembu ezimfene okufanele axazulule ubukhosi bawo ngomunye nomunye ngempi.. Idatha yomlando ibonisa lelo zwe le-beta, ukukhuluma ngolimi lwe-ethological, ukuhlasela izwe alpha, ukusungula isigaba esisha sabaphathi. Njengokungathi amaqoqo ezinja...
Yimpucuko le, ezimeni lapho kukhona imiphakathi yabazingeli elwa…izipho? Eibl-Eibesfeldt în „Agresivitatea umană” vorbește de astfel de societăți, abanye basePapua New Guinea. Bafuya izingulube ukuze banikeze abaphathi abayizimbangi. Ihlazo elibi lokwamukela izingulube eziningi kunalokho ongakunikeza!
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, owayengumfundi kaKonrad Lorenz, uthi yonke imiphakathi ayifundayo yaba nezimpi. Kodwa kukhona imiphakathi ene-warrior ideal (njengowethu) kanye nemiphakathi enombono we-pacific. Labo abanombono we-pacific banamasiko ayinkimbinkimbi kangaka okulawula ukungena empini kangangokuthi impi ibe yinto engenakwenzeka kakhulu.. Phakathi kwemiphakathi ene-pacific ideal kukhona ama-Inuit. Isizathu esisodwa somlingiswa we-pacifist kwakuyiqiniso lokuthi bazoba nezinhlobonhlobo, kungaba umphumela wokuhlangana kwabantu abambalwa. Kodwa encwadini ka-Eibesfeldt, kodwa hhayi kwabanye, nu am văzut o comparație între societățile matriliniare și cele patriliniare, njengeqhawe elikahle. I-Inuit, okungenani eminye imiphakathi, bangama-matrilineal. Okusho ukuthi, abesifazane bazuza isikhundla nengcebo. Emiphakathini yama-matrilineal, noma ngabe umphathi ungowesifazane, indaba yempi nayo ingeyamadoda. Kabyles kukhona matrilineal, kodwa othanda impi kakhulu, ngokusho kukaLeo Frobenius (Isiko lama-Afrika). Kodwa ngokujwayelekile, cishe amasiko e-matrilineal, noma ngabe nabo babeyazi impi, cishe babenokuthula. Futhi ikakhulukazi, cishe abaphumelelanga kangako empini. Lokhu kungaba yisizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuba babe yivelakancane kangaka. Iningi, njengoba kwakunjalo nempucuko yaseKrethe, bahlulwa imiphakathi yakudala yama-patriarchal, kodwa abathanda impi kakhulu.
Likhona ithemba ngathi, njengama-primates, ukugwema impi esikhathini esizayo? Uma i-bonobos ikwazi ukuba nokuthula kakhulu sibonga ubumbano lwabesifazane oluvimbela izenzo zobudlova, kungaba ithemba nakithi. Imiphakathi eminingi yabazingeli bendabuko izophinde ibe wubufakazi bokuthi imiphakathi ingaba mnene.. Izinhlobonhlobo zabo, kanye nezixazululo abazilethile kuhlanganise nenkinga yempi, ibonisa ukuthi umphakathi wesintu ungathuthuka ngezindlela eziningi.
Emakhulwini eminyaka amuva, imiphakathi yasentshonalanga isilokhu iyancipha udlame. Ngaphandle kokunciphisa ububha, yokungalingani, ukwandisa izinga lemfundo, mhlawumbe futhi andisa indima yabesifazane emphakathini, okuhlanganisa ukubamba iqhaza kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe, babenendima. Abesifazane benza impi kahle kakhulu, lapho kudingeka (sengathi wake?), njengoba umlando ubonisa. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi, noma bengenzi izimpi eziningi, baphumelela kakhulu ekuqongeleleni izindawo. U-Elizabeth I noCatherine Omkhulu bayizibonelo ezicacile. Kodwa lezo zindlovukazi zazisebenza ezimisweni zezinzalamizi, okungukuthi, imithetho yenziwa amadoda.
Udlame emphakathini lungancishiswa ngokunciphisa ukuhlalisana kwabantu besilisa ngokwesiko (ukubunjwa kwamaqembu ezigebengu, ngohlelo olufana nolwezimfene). Kodwa, njengoba umlando ubonisa, ukunciphisa ubudlova emphakathini akuholeli ngempela ekugwemeni izimpi. Umlando wakamuva, hhayi eYurophu kuphela, ikhombisa okuphambene. I-Japan iwumphakathi onokuthula kakhulu. Futhi yeka ukuthi wayeyiqhawe elingakanani ekhulwini lama-20! Kodwa uma kukhona iqembu le-warrior, lapho kusebenza khona imithetho nezigaba ezifanayo, izinto ngeke zishintshe. Mhlawumbe ukuhlanganyela kwangempela kwabesifazane kwezombusazwe, uma kungenjalo ukudala ukusebenzelana kwezinga eliphezulu nezigaba, zingashintsha izinto.
