Bathi kunamanga amakhulu, ezincane kanye nezibalo. Ukukhangiswa kwalesi sisho kungaba ukuthi kunezinganekwane ezimangalisayo, okuthembekile futhi…ngokwesayensi. Nakuba ezinye izinganekwane zesayensi zazishaqisa futhi zishaqisa kakhulu kubantu abanomqondo obucayi kanye nokunengqondo okuningi. Akubukeki ngisho njengamanga angenangqondo njengalawo asendabeni yesiRashiya lapho umlingiswa ehamba ebumnyameni ukuze ayinqume ngommese eSt. Petersburg phakathi nobusuku obumhlophe. Kunalokho eminye imibono ebizwa ngesayensi enemiphumela ebonakalayo (okungukuthi, asikhulumi nge-quantum physics) banzima kakhulu ukugwinya.
Ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa wawungakhululekile kanjani kwasekuqaleni, ngomqondo wokuthi wayeyilungu leqembu, inkululeko yayihlanganisa kakhulu ukwenza ipolitiki yeqembu. Știința modernă s-a politizat și ea curând. Futhi ukuthi amaqembu ashintsha kanjani, izinguquko zemfashini yemibono, ama-paradigms nawo angashintsha kwisayensi Ngokuqinisekile, uma kungenzeka. Ijiyomethri ye-Euclidean ayikwazi ukwenza ipolitiki, njengoba ngokuvamile umuntu engakwazi ukufaka ipolitiki iningi lesayensi eyisisekelo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho bekukhona futhi maningi indawo yokuqondisa, osekuke kwasizakala ngakho futhi namanje kusasizakala ngakho.
Sentimentele au avut și au încă o miză foarte mare in acest sens. Imizwa kubantu nasezilwaneni. Empeleni imizwa kubantu, „afectele” la animale. Yilokho engakufunda ezincwadini ze-ethology ekolishi. Ngoba izilwane azinayo imizwa, ele au „’afecte”. Ezivivinyweni, kuye ngothisha, ngatshelwa indlela yokubhekana nendaba yothando ezilwaneni. Bekukhona okunye okuvulekile noma okuvuleleke kancane ekutheni imizwa yezilwane iya kude kangakanani. Etologul Frans de Waal, umbhali wezincwadi eziningi ezidumile mayelana nokuziphatha kwezilwane, chaza isimo ngokuningiliziwe, uqine kakhulu ebusheni bakhe, phakathi neminyaka 60-70. U-De Waal wayehlale egconwa ngokuphikisa ngokuthi izilwane zingaphezu kwama-automaton, cum suna paradigma oficială. Își imaginează cineva care a avut câine oameni de știință „serioși”, noma ngabe lokho kusho ukuthini (noma engenandaba, unul dintre sensuri e „distant, rece”), esho into enjalo?
Ngokusho kokuziphatha, ummeleli wakhe odumile kwakungu-B. F. Skinner (igama lingase lichaze isici somndeni) izilwane zingama-automatons asabela ezicini zemvelo. Uma sikhumbula izinja zika-Ivan Pavlov, kubhekwa njengesandulela sokuziphatha, singanweba imodeli kwezinye izindlela zokuziphatha kwezilwane, kodwa nakupsychology yabantu. Ukuziphatha kwezilwane (kodwa futhi ngumuntu) kungaba uhlobo lwe-tabula rasa, cu puține comportamente înnăscute. Izilwane zaziyofunda cishe ngakho konke ezikwenzayo. Empeleni babezosabela ekushukunyisweni kwemvelo. Abantu bangenza okufanayo. Impela, kuyiqiniso ukuthi izilwane ezinobuchopho obuyinkimbinkimbi, njengezilwane ezincelisayo (kuhlanganise nomuntu) nezinyoni, banokuziphatha okufunde kakhulu. Abantu abakhulumi noma bahambe ngemilenze emibili ngaphandle uma kukhona obafundisayo. Kanjalo nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zifunda ukuzingela, nezinyoni zifunda ukundiza. Kodwa kuthiwani ngalokho kuziphatha okubukeka njengokubonakaliswa kwemizwelo ezilwaneni? Hhayi lokho okubonakala, kodwa...ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo! Okusho ukuthi, zonke izimpendulo endaweni ye-automata ethile eyenza kuphela okudingekayo ukuze uphile nokukhiqiza kabusha.. Noma yini enye bekungeke kube…isayensi.
I-Behaviorist conditioning ibe negalelo esifundweni sokufunda, ulimi, kodwa futhi wazama ukuchaza ukuziphatha nokuthuthuka kohlobo. USimone de Beauvoir wayekholelwa ukuthi ufunda ukuba ngowesifazane. Eminye imibono yabesifazane namuhla iye yathonywa yile mibono. Nakuba, njengoba ngishilo, ukuziphatha okufundiwe kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu, kunzima ukucacisa ukuthi iyini imvelo nokuthi iyini imvelo. Dar deși psihicul e influențat de mediu, ukusekela kwakhe kungokwemvelo. Uma nje umphakathi ukwenza umuntu wesifazane, kanye nobulili, okungukuthi, imprint yamasiko ehlobene nocansi isusa ngokuphelele ibhayoloji, khona-ke singazisola kuphela ukuthi inzalo yesilisa yeNdlovukazi uVictoria, kuhlanganise neNkosana u-Alexei, indodana yenkosi yokugcina, babengadluli. Ngaleyo ndlela wayezoqeda i-hemophilia, isifo esithile sowesilisa. Futhi mhlawumbe umlando wawuzobonisa ngenye indlela.
Mhlawumbe izikhungo zokufundisa kabusha zamakhomanisi, kuhlanganise nalawo asemajele lapho kwagcina khona iziboshwa zezombangazwe, abazange bathonywe imibono yokuziphatha? Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi omunye umuntu acabange ukuthi umuntu onezinkolelo ezicacile neziqinile angaguqulwa abe enye into ngokwenza isimo esinjalo emajele amakhomanisi? Indoda entsha efiswa uCeaușescu, kodwa nangePol Pot, kwakuzovela ngohlobo olufanayo lokuqeqeshwa.
Ukuziphatha, umsunguli wakhe uthathwa njengoJohn B. Watson, nakuba abanye bemkweleta u-Edward Thorndike ngale khwalithi, empeleni umnyakazo obekumele wenzeke, ngokusho kwabanye ababhali, ngokuncipha kwe-introspective psychology, kodwa futhi nangemikhuba emisha emphakathini. Kugqugquzelwe, phakathi kwabanye nguFreud, UWatson uzama ukuguqula i-psychology ibe yisayensi. I-Behaviorism yaziboleka njengepharadigm yesayensi, ilabhorethri. Izifinyezo zesayensi kuphela, okungukuthi, yenza kube lula. Yingakho ukwenza isayensi kungelula neze. Futhi ikakhulukazi uma wenza, kufanele wazi ukuthi kuya kude kangakanani. Ukhipha izenzakalo empilweni futhi uzifunde elabhorethri, awuchazi impilo ngalokho okuthola e-lab. Futhi phezu kwe-altare lalokho okubizwa ngesayensi, uthando yilona olwanikelwa. Njengoba kakade umqondo we-dualism yomzimba-womoya wawuphelelwe yisikhathi, Imizwa, ngokwesiko elihlotshaniswa nomoya, kwase kuba yize (kanye nesidala).
Freud, onegalelo lakhe kule nganekwane esingeke siphike, kubhekwa ukuthi ukunamathela kwengane encane kumama kuhlobene kuphela nomthombo wokudla. Imibono yalolu hlobo yayibusa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule (kube yinoma ibuphi ubuhlobo izingane eziba umphumela walolu hlobo lwemfundo?). Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingane ezisencane ezibhedlela nasezikhungweni zezintandane bekuyinto ebingakhathazwa muntu, Ngokuphambene nalokho. UWatson wayebheka uthando njengento engokwemvelo engabalulekile futhi eyivelakancane, ukuthi ukunakwa kakhulu enganeni kuyayimosha, kumenza abe buthakathaka futhi onakaliswe. Okuningi, phakathi kwamathiphu okukhulisa izingane batusa lokho, ukugwema ukuthuthukiswa kokunamathiselwe, ukushintshana kwabahlengikazi noma abazanyana. UJonathan Haidt ulandisa kwethi “The Hypothesis of Happiness” mayelana nokwesaba uyise abhekana nakho lapho eyedwa esibhedlela., ebuntwaneni. Njengasezindaweni zezintandane zaseRomania ngesikhathi sobushiqela baseLeninist, ngingangeza.
Uma kumayelana nokudla kuphela, khona-ke ibhodlela lakwanele ukunikeza induduzo nokuthula enganeni. De ce ar mai fi avut nevoie puiul de om… de alți oameni? Njengoba kungavamile njengoba kungase kubonakale, abanye baze bawuhlola lo mbono. Ngenhlanhla, lokhu kuhlolwa kwaqhekeka ngempela ukuziphatha. Emzamweni wokudala ipulazi le-macaque lezifundo zaselabhorethri, UHarry Harlow waphawula ukuthi amatshwele angawodwa lapho ezalwa, ngokwezindlela zenkathi yokukhulisa izingane, abazange basinde. Futhi uma benza kanjalo babenezinkinga ezinkulu zokuziphatha. Wazama ukulungisa inkinga ngokuhlola (empeleni ngaphezu kweminyaka 50-60). Imidlwane ye-rhesus macaque cishe yayikhungathekile ukuthi yayingenayo into enamathiselwe ukuze ibanike ukudla.. Wabe esefaka amamodeli ezinkawu ngocingo emakhejini ezinkukhu, ukukhwela phezu, ebelinamathisele ibhodlela. Inkinga ayikaxazululwa. Wabe esecabanga ukuthi kungase kube okunye okunamathiselwe. Futhi ngaphezu kukamama wocingo nebhodlela lengane, ubuye waletha umama wendwangu. Amatshwele ayencamela umama wendwangu, ababechitha naye isikhathi esiningi. Bebefika ebhodleleni likamama ohlotshisiwe. Okubalulekile kwakuwukuthi amatshwele ayedinga ukuthintwa, nokunamathiselwe bekungokokuthinta, hhayi okokudla. Yeka ukutholakala, Ngizosho manje! Kungaba izaba ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi abantu babengazi kangako ngezinye izinkawu, abazange babukele amafilimu ezinyamazana kumabonakude. Jane Goodall nu făcuse celebrele studii pe cimpanzei. Izinkawu ziyaduduzana ngokuthintana ngezandla. Iphinde ihambe phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinkawu, njengaphakathi kwezimfene nabantu, kodwa futhi phakathi kwezimfene nezimfene isibonelo. Goodall descrie multe situații de genul în cartea ei „În umbra omului”. Uma sicabanga ngakho, senzenjani uma sishayise umuntu ngebhasikidi esuphamakethe?
Ukuwa Kokuziphatha, ingxenye ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo Harlow sika, ingxenye ngokusebenzisa okunye ukuhlola kuye kwaholela ekwamukelweni kwemizwa ezilwaneni, kodwa nakubantu? Ngesikhathi sisekolishi satshelwa okuningi mayelana ne-plush versus mother wire, kodwa kubonakala sengathi nalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwakunganele. Ngokuqondene nezilwane, okungenani. UFrans de Waal ukholelwa ukuthi amafilimu amaningi ezilwane, eyenziwe ngabantu abaningi, ukulandwa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, beza ukuze baqinisekise abacwaningi kangcono ukuthi izilwane zinaso lesi simo. Mhlawumbe ukungagwetshwa yigama elilungile. Cel puțin i-a făcut să înceteze să mai susțină ceva care s-ar putea caracteriza ca jumătate antropocentrism, jumătate cult al psihopaților și al mașinilor. Lesi simo sengqondo sasikhona kule nkathi, futhi kusenjalo, usizo. Umphakathi wezimboni, eyayithole umfutho ngesikhathi sikaFreud nangaphambi kwakhe, ibidinga abalingisi abasesimweni esilula. Imizwa yayiyinto eyayilimaza ukusebenza kahle. Umphathi ucabangela wena, kodwa uma kungenzeka, kumele akuzwele. Noma kungcono ukungakwenzi. Asazi ukuthi ayeyini amaphesenti ama-psychopaths ezikhundleni eziphezulu ngaleso sikhathi, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, nakuba umlando unikeza izinkomba ezithile. Manje izinto sezicace kakhudlwana, osekelwa izifundo, care sugerează că psihopatia (ukuntula imizwa yokuziphatha nozwela) kungaba ikhwalithi yama-CEO amaningi, odokotela abahlinzayo noma abanye abantu abanethonya. Ukukhulumisana okungenabuntu akudingi imizwa, kodwa idinga ukuphathwa. Impela lokho ama-psychopaths angakunikeza.
Kodwa ukwamukelwa kwemizwa kubantu kwaba nesiphetho esingcono? Ngokusobala akunjalo. Ukuhlola kukaHarlow ngezinkawu ezincane kwakhuthaza abanye abacwaningi, obekugxeka ukuhlukaniswa kwezingane. Omunye walaba nguJohn Bawlby, owathola ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960 ukuthi ukukhula okuvamile kwezinye izingane kuncike emandleni okudala ubudlelwano bokunamathisela okungenani nomuntu oyedwa., ngokuvamile omunye wabazali. UMary Ainsworth, umsizi wakhe, owafunda e-Afrika, lapho izingane zikhuliswa umphakathi ngandlela thize, waqhubeka. Nakuba e-Afrika, njengoba besho, isigodi sonke sinesandla ekukhuleni komntwana, hlukanisa (cishe neze) umuntu oyiphuzu eliyinhloko lokunamathiselwe. Lowo muntu uvame ukuba ngumama wengane. Yilapho itiyori yokunamathisela ivela khona (igama eliqanjwe nguBawlby). imiphumela, njengoba besho, kungaba ukuthi sisuka echibini siye emthonjeni. Izingane azisahlukanisiwe, kodwa ngandlela thize ehlobene nomama, ukwakha okunamathiselwe okufanele. Njengoba kusho isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJohn Rosemund, manje abesifazane sebeshintshile inkosi yabo kusukela kumyeni kuya enganeni, basafakwe amakhosa.
Ukugxeka ithiyori yokunamathiselwe kulula ukuyibeka. Awu, ake sicabange lapho kwaqala khona. Okusho ukuthi, kusukela ekuhlolweni kukaHarlow. Hhayi-ke, kubukeka njengesilwane esigxishiwe, nu neapărat propria mamă, ngcono isimo affective of the baby izinkawu. Ngokuqondene ne-Afrika, lapho izingane zikhuliswa isigodi, futhi kuze kube yiminyaka emibili cishe abakaze badedelwe abantu abadala, uma inani eliphakeme lokunamathiselwe liphawulwa, nokho akukho okukhethekile. Kodwa ukukhululeka okukhulu kwabesifazane kulimaza umphakathi kanye namalungelo abanye. Ngakho isithiyo esisha senkululeko yabesifazane samukelekile. Noma kunjalo, abesifazane bomdabu emazweni angewona awaseNtshonalanga bayamangala ngobugqila obungavamile abesifazane abangaphansi kwabo eNtshonalanga, izibopho ezingapheli omama abanazo lapha.
Ingabe izingane ezikhuliswe ngokunamathiselwe okukhethekile zingcono kunezinye? Ake sicabange, cum spune Ioana Petra în „7000 Years of Patriarchy” cum au fost crescuți cei care au creat iluminismul și umanismul francez. Izingane zoNoble (kodwa hhayi kuphela) base bekhuliswa abazanyana abavela ezweni, hhayi ngonina. Ulwazi mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ezinganeni ezingakhuliswanga abantu nalo lusukela ngaleso sikhathi, așa-zișii „copiii sălbatici”.
Ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kwethiyori yokunamathisela ukubandakanyeka kokunamathiselwe (yohlobo lokunamathiselwe) ebudlelwaneni bothando. Hhayi-ke, yilokho okushiwo ubudlelwano bothando, makungabi mayelana nokunamathiselwa. Kuphela, KUSHO. Kuhle, uma kungeyona imishado ehleliwe, lapho bekungaba yinzuzo ngempela. Kodwa abantu bayawubalekela umqondo wokuba nje amabhuloho okunamathiselwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi unogada naye usezihlanganisa nesiboshwa ngemuva kwesikhashana. Kodwa uma ungeyena uBorcea, awufuni ubudlelwano budalwe ngale ndlela. Ukunamathela bekungeke kube nendawo ebuhlotsheni obukhethekile, kuphela, subjective kakhulu ngencazelo. Noma cha?
Ukuphika imvelo, uhlobo nokubaluleka kwesimo kubantu nasezilwaneni kuyaqhubeka ngezinye izinhlobo. Cartea lui Antonie Damasio „Eroarea lui Descartes” arată cât de handicapantă e pierderea afecțiunii cu păstrarea intactă a funcțiilor cognitive. Ngaphandle kothando asisebenzi kahle, Ngokuphambene nalokho. Isizathu esimsulwa asikho. Okuningi, izifundo ezintsha kwababizwa ngabantu abanesiphiwo (okungenani ubuciko) arată că ei sunt de fapt plini de emoții, cum arată Jeanne Siaud-Facchin în „Prea inteligent ca să fi fericit?”. Okutholakele okusha kuphakamisa ukuthi i-autism, nayo (okungenani amafomu athile asebenzayo) ingahlotshaniswa nemizwa enkulu, okuvimba ngempumelelo.
Omunye wayezibuza ukuthi singaxhumana kanjani nenye impucuko, uma singakhulumisani nezilwane zeplanethi yethu. Ngingaphendula ngokuthi kungaba okungavamile ukuxhumana nezilwane zangaphandle njengoba sixhumana nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, isibonelo ngezinja. Noma singazi i-ethology, kukhona ulimi lomhlaba wonke lwezilwane ezincelisayo: AFFECTION. Uma sibheka indlela inja edlala ngayo nenyoni sibona ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zixhumana kahle kanjani zodwa. Uyazibuza ukuthi le nyoni ayiziqondi kanjani izenzo ezithile zenja. Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyizidalwa ezinamaphuphu angakwazi ukuzisiza, ababenakekelwa futhi bavikelwa besebancane. Mhlawumbe ukuhlakanipha kwabo okuphakeme kuhlobene nokuzwela kwabo. Bahlakanipha kakhulu ngoba okhokho babo babezizwa bekhulu. Mhlawumbe konke okuhle emphakathini wesintu, adică sentimentele morale și instituțiile derivate de aici provin din ceea cer putea numi „instinct de protejare a puilor”, okungukuthi, kwabangenalutho, ekhona kubo bobabili ubulili (v. „Civilizația foametei/ o altă abordare a umanizări”). Kodwa umphakathi osekelwe phezu kwamandla kanye nosongo lwempoqo, okuvela kulo igunya, angeke avume.
