Phakathi kwezimpahla ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga, okunye okubaluleke kakhulu yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi "isayensi yasentshonalanga". Yilolo hlobo lolwazi olwenza iNguquko Yezimboni yenzeka. Kodwa ngaphambi kwesayensi yaseNtshonalanga, bese ihambisana nayo, kwakukhona futhi lukhona ulwazi kuyo yonke imiphakathi yabantu. Ukubuka okujwayelekile ezimeni zemvelo (kanye nomphakathi) kuyisici somqondo womuntu. Wonke amaqembu abantu anesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo (nangokomoya), în care se reflectă această cunoaștere. Futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi isiko, adică tezaurul cunoștințelor, ukuba isisekelo sezinto ezithile zobuciko noma izinqubo ezithile zokuthola ukudla, wezindlela zokuzivikela njll. zikhona ezilwaneni. Njengoba abakaki, există și ceea ce s-ar numi proto-limbaj, okungukuthi, isimiso semisindo noma izimpawu zeposi ezidlulisa imiyalezo. Futhi njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesiko, lolu lwazi ludluliselwa ... ngokwesiko.
Ukuthola indlela yokudoba umuhlwa, eyenziwe yimfene yesifazane (ngokuphambene nokucwasa okuvamile, ephinde yangena ezingomeni zamaqembu afana nalaItekisi, abesifazane, ikakhulukazi abancane, ngokuvamile bathola izinto ezitholakalayo noma ezisunguliwe ezimfaneni ngokuvamile, hhayi nje izimfene), inikezwa yiqembu lonke, ofunda ubuchwepheshe, futhi uma ukuxhashazwa kwayo kuhlala kungenzeka ngokwezemvelo, okungukuthi, iqembu lihlala kuleyo ndawo noma elinezimo ezifanayo, Ngiphinde ngiyidlulisele ezinganeni. Kunaleso sibonelo esidumile sama- macaque aseJapane ayefunde ukugeza ubhatata ngaphambi kokuwadla, bese, ukuba tastier, ukuwageza olwandle.
Kodwa yini eyenza lokho okuthiwa isayensi yaseNtshonalanga kukhethekile? Phakathi kwabanye ababhali, USandra Harding wangenaIngabe Isayensi Yamasiko Ahlukene? I-postcolonialisms, Ubufazi, kanye ne-Epistemologies, ithuthukisa ulwazi lwesayensi yonke indawo. Encwadini yakhe kuvela umqondo wokuthi ukucaciswa kwesayensi yaseNtshonalanga kungaba yilokho okungahumushela ekuhaheni ulwazi, ukutholwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zolwazi, ikakhulukazi lawo amakoloni. Amazoo nezingadi zezitshalo zasungulwa ukuze kutholwe futhi kusetshenziswe izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane nezitshalo. Okuxakayo ukuthi umuntu angase azibuze ukuthi sasikhona yini isidingo sama-zoo abantu. Abantu bezindawo zamakoloni bathathwa ngendluzula, ukumelana nezimo ezithile zezulu, kodwa futhi… ngolwazi lwabo ngokutshalwa komoba, Ngokwesibonelo. isigqila, manje njengase-Antiquity, kwakungewona nje umsebenzi wezandla, kodwa futhi nomuntu owufanelekela umsebenzi okwakumelwe awenze. Kwesinye isikhathi unekhono eliphezulu…
Kodwa ukuxhashazwa ngokombono wolwazi lwamakoloni kwakungagcini lapho. Noma yiluphi ulwazi olwalungase lusetshenziswe lwalutholwa. Futhi zingaki izinto ezisunguliwe kanye nokutholwa okwalethwa kusukela eMpumalanga nangale kwayo! Ukusho okutholwe kuphela kwezokwelashwa, njengemithi yokugoma, ama-antibiotics (!), tratamentul malariei… Multe lucruri banale, esikufunda esikoleni noma ekolishi, baphuma emasikweni akude. ENdiya yakudala kwakukhona isazi sohlelo lolimi esidumile, Panini (între secolele VI și IV î.e.n.). ubethini? Kuyinto evamile kuzazi zezilimi njengesistimu yedesimali enezimpawu zayo ezihambisanayo, nayo evela eNdiya, nakuba ngokusebenzisa umfudlana wamaSulumane, ngaphambi kwemibuso yamakholoni yaseYurophu.
Lapho kukhulunywa ngesayensi, AbaseYurophu babengabandlululi nhlobo, izinhlanga namasiko "aphansi"., okwakudinga ukuqondiswa okunengqondo kwesiko eliphakeme, zazisezilungele ukuxazulula izinkinga ngaphandle kwesixazululo emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Isayensi yaseNtshonalanga iyaqongelela, ngokungabandlululi futhi ukunqoba kwakhe kwenziwa ngezinga lezimboni. Kungani? Mhlawumbe ngoba ingxenye enkulu yayo yayilamulelwa abantu ababengezona izifundiswa, kodwa ukuhamba, abathengisi, abaphathi, amanxusa, ezempi, abantu abasha nabanogqozi, elangazelela ingcebo nodumo.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe isayensi kwakukhona ugqozi, elomnotho. Ulwazi belwenza imali ngezinhlelo zakhe zokusebenza. Ulwazi lwalunokubaluleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, hhayi ngokomoya. Eqinisweni, lokhu kungase kube isici sayo esibaluleke kakhulu. Știința a devenit occidentală după ce a suferit o mutație importantă: khululiwe enkolweni, ezingokomoya, ngisho nasemhlabeni wemibono kaPlato. Incwadi yokuqala yebhayoloji ethathwa njengeyesimanje iletha izincazelo ezingezona zobuntu zezilwane, ngaphandle kwezifundo zokuziphatha ezijwayelekile zohlobo lwezinganekwane zemisebenzi yangaphambilini. Izilwane zazine-morphology kanye ne-physiology, hhayi izici zobuntu.
Isayensi yesimanje ibhekwa njengeqala ngoGalileo. Singase sicabange ukuthi iBandla lalithinteke kakhulu emibonweni yakhe hhayi nje ngoba yayiphikisana nesayensi yeBandla esemthethweni, kodwa uGalileo nabanye ososayensi bangaleso sikhathi empeleni babeqhamuka nohlobo oluhlukile lwesayensi, sikhululiwe ngokukholwa, hhayi nje ubuKristu, kodwa wanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukholwa.
Bekuyinto entsha, hhayi eYurophu kuphela. Indiza ethambekele kaGalileo yayimane nje iyindiza ethambekele, ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi enye incazelo. Akukho okwedlula kuleyo mithetho! Uma iketango lobungcwele belinganqamuka, futhi lapha akukhona nje ngemibono emincane yenkolo yobuKristu, ulwazi lungaqhuma, ukunikeza amathuba amaningi, njengomdlalo. Ulwazi, ngokuqondile ngoba liyigugu, emasikweni amaningi, ihlobene namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, okuwunikeza ukuhambisana kwamasiko ngale kwalokho esikubiza ngokuthi imithetho yemvelo. I-Eskimos inobuchwepheshe obusebenza ngokuphelele bokwakha i-igloo, kodwa imimoya idlala indima ebalulekile emiyalweni yokwakha. Esikweni lapho ulwazi luxhumene nobungcwele, awukwazi ukwenza konke okuhlangenwe nakho, awukwazi ukuhlola yonke into, ngisho noma lingekho igunya leBandla ngokuqulwa kwamacala alo. Nakuba isayensi ibilokhu ihlotshaniswa nefilosofi, ukuxhumana okuningi ne-metaphysics kukhawule ngokulinganayo. Masingakhohlwa ukufihlwa kwe-dodecahedron njengendlela ephelele, obekungafanele ukuba khona, ngokusho kwamaGreki asendulo!
Kwaba ukuqondana okujabulisayo ukuthi isayensi yesimanje yaqala ngobuqotho ngemishini, okwadala imodeli nakwezinye isayensi. Umhlaba wawuyindlela okwakufanele ihlaziywe. Ukuncipha kweBandla kwasiza. Isonto, amathempeli ayenegunya phezu kolwazi olubalulekile, njengalezo ezihlobene nesayensi yezinkanyezi. KwabaseBhabhiloni, Abantu baseShayina, kuma-Aztec, ukuhamba kwezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni kwakungumsebenzi wabapristi abaqalisiwe.
Kodwa emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje, ukukhululwa kwesayensi engcwele kwakungeyona into efanayo. Ibhayoloji, ubuswa ngabapristi (kuhlanganise noCharles Darwin waba nokuqeqeshwa kwezenkolo), wazikhulula enkolweni ngobunzima obukhulu. Nakuba babebaningi abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu emphakathini, kanye nemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yavela emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi kwencwadi kaDarwin ethi "On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Existence" (kuhlanganise nomkhulu wakhe, Erasmus Darwin, wavuma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo), ukwesaba okuhlobene nokuhlaselwa okungenzeka kwabagqugquzeli benkolelo yokudala, imfundiso esemthethweni ngaleso sikhathi, kubangele uDarwin ukuba abambezele ukushicilelwa kwencwadi. Kubonakala kuxakile ukuthi isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kufanele ihlale iwumthombo wamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi beluncane ulwazi, ukuthi kwakunzima ukuthola ipharadigm. Kodwa kwakukhona imibono ethandwayo enembile futhi enokuheha okungokwemvelo okwengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ideea generației spontane, nakuba fake, okubhekiselwe ekuveleni kokuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo. Lokhu kuphila kwakufanele kuguquke, futhi ngokombono odumile, ihlelwe nguLamarck. Futhi okwamanje, Manje senginolwazi olunzulu ngebhayoloji, kodwa inkolelo yokudala ayikapheli, Ngokuphambene nalokho. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka?? Abantu abeneme ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhetha? Singavuma, njengoba kwenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ukuthi abanye bayenqaba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuzikhethela, kodwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungokuthile okwamukelwa abantu abaningi abafundile ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi manje kubonakala kuyinqaba nakakhulu ukungakwamukeli.
Dar cum „evoluează” știința în general? UThomas Kuhn kwethi "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" ubonisa indlela ama-paradigms esayensi ashintsha ngayo. Ukuqoqwa kwedatha, imiphumela yokuhlolwa nokubhekwa, kuholela ekwakhiweni kwepharadigm. Ukuhlolwa okusha kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ekuqaguleni kwakhe, ezinye zazo ezidida umqondo omdala. Bese kuba nenhlekelele, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, enye i-paradigm, ekwazi ukuchaza idatha entsha, ithatha indawo endala. U-Kuhn usungule le modeli ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zomlando zeminye imibono yesayensi.
Kodwa ingabe kwenzeka kanje ngaso sonke isikhathi?? Umlando wezinto ezisunguliwe ubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuncike ekufinyeleleni izinsiza, okungukuthi imali enkulu. Injini kaJames Watt yayinembangi enamandla kakhulu, kodwa engazange ihlomule ngoxhaso oludingekayo. Ukubhekisisa okutholwe yisayensi, yokubeka imibono ethile, kusiholela esiphethweni esifanayo. Ukusekelwa komphakathi, hhayi nje impahla, kubalulekile. Cabangela ukutholwa okufanayo okwenziwe ngokuzimela emazweni ahlukene noma ngabacwaningi abahlukene. Ngabe ngabe sazi ngo-Alfred Wallace namuhla?, owafika ngokuzimela emcabangweni wokukhethwa kwemvelo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, ukube uDarwin ubengeyena umnumzane? Imithetho kaMendel, uyise wofuzo, zishicilelwa emitatsheni yolwazi, kuhlanganise nekaDarwin, amashumi eminyaka. Ukutholwa kabusha kwabo okuzimele, ngabacwaningi abaningana, au dus la redescoperirea lui… Mendel.
Isayensi yinto yezenhlalo. Umhlaba wesayensi awukona lokho okubonakala ngaphandle, kodwa iqembu labantu. Futhi imithetho yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle ibonakala ichaza impumelelo yeminye imibono, okutholakele, amathiyori njll. Nakuba ezomnotho kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu kungabhekwa njengesayensi ngomqondo wenqubo eyasungulwa uKarl Popper.. Lapho iqiniso lingabonakali, kulula kuwo wonke umuntu ukuhlola, lezo zici zomnotho ziyangenelela, kwezenhlalo ikakhulukazi ezombangazwe.
Nokho, ngale kwepolitiki, isayensi inezinye izinkinga. Singaqiniseka ngokuthi iqiniso liyonqoba ekugcineni? Singaqiniseka ukuthi okungenani imibono ethile esindisayo ngeke ingcwatshwe unomphela?
Kulezi ziqephu ezilandelayo sizokwethula amaqiniso avela emlandweni wesayensi abonakala efakazela okuphambene.
